Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of progressors and nonprogressors for glycemic deterioration defined as need for insulin treatment
| Baseline variables | Nonprogressors | Progressors | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2,134 | 1,803 | |
| Age (years) | 58.5 ± 13.3 | 55.3 ± 13.2 | <0.001 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 53.61 ± 12.6 | 48.5 ± 12.3 | <0.001 |
| Year of diagnosis | 1996 (1992, 2002) | 1993 (1988, 1997) | <0.001 # |
| Male (%) | 932 (43.7) | 839 (46.5) | 0.078 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 4.9 ± 5.4 | 6.8 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 242 (11.4) | 266 (14.8) | 0.002 |
| Ever smoked (%) | 579 (27.2) | 571 (31.7) | 0.002 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 134.3 ± 20.5 | 135.4 ± 21.0 | 0.104 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.7 ± 11.0 | 77.1 ± 10.8 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 ± 4.0 | 25.4 ± 4.1 | 0.234 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 51.2 ± 15.1 | 65.0 ± 21.1 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.8 ± 1.4 | 8.1 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.5 ± 2.5 | 9.4 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Non-HDL (mmol/L) | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | <0.001 # |
| Urinary ACR (mg/mmol) | 1.4 (0.7, 5.3) | 2.7 (0.9, 12.8) | <0.001 # |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 81.41 ± 23.03 | 83.22 ± 25.57 | 0.019 |
| Retinopathy (%) | 396 (18.6) | 482 (26.7) | <0.001 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 303 (14.2) | 397 (22.0) | <0.001 |
| Microalbuminuria (%) | 473 (23.1) | 512 (29.6) | <0.001 |
| Macroalbuminuria (%) | 215 (10.5) | 318 (18.4) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs (%) | 386 (18.1) | 248 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs (%) | 964 (45.2) | 702 (38.9) | <0.001 |
| Oral antihyperglycemic drugs (%) | 1,384 (64.9) | 1,264 (70.1) | 0.001 |
| RAS inhibitors (ACE inhibitors or ARBs) (%) | 374 (17.5) | 315 (17.5) | 0.998 |
| Absolute telomere length (kilobase pair) | 5.65 ± 0.21 | 5.61 ± 0.21 | <0.001 |
| Relative telomere length (ΔΔCt) | 4.69 ± 1.20 | 4.43 ± 1.16 | <0.001 |
Data are mean ± SD, number (%), or median (Q1, Q3). The t test or Mann-Whitney rank sum test was used for continuous variables, and χ2 test was used for categorical variables.
ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; RAS, renin-angiotensin system; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol.
#
Logarithmic transformation was used in TG and ACR. Boldface indicate P values < 0.05.