Table 4.
Associations between parents’ and adolescents’ beliefs about the normativity of spanking
| Parent-reported Spanking Beliefs | Adolescent-reported: Spanking is a normal part of parenting | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disagree | Neither | Agree | Neither vs Disagree (ref) | Agree vs Disagree (ref) | |
| % | % | % | ARRR (95% CI) | ARRR (95% CI) | |
| Spanking is a normal part of parenting | |||||
| Disagree (ref) | 70.6 | 43.1 | 35.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Neither | 20.0 | 33.8 | 31.7 | 2.60 (1.78–3.78) *** | 2.98 (1.92–4.61) *** |
| Agree | 9.4 | 23.1 | 32.7 | 3.84 (2.43–6.08) *** | 7.09 (4.38–11.49) *** |
| Some children need to be spanked so that they will learn a lesson | |||||
| Disagree (ref) | 72.0 | 48.1 | 39.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Neither | 16.3 | 30.2 | 27.8 | 2.74 (1.85–4.05) *** | 2.87 (1.82–4.53) *** |
| Agree | 11.7 | 21.6 | 32.8 | 2.54 (1.64–3.94) *** | 4.97 (3.15–7.84) *** |
| Some children need to be hit so that they will learn a lesson | |||||
| Disagree (ref) | 93.4 | 86.3 | 83.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Neither | 4.7 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 2.35 (1.29–4.28) ** | 2.47 (1.29–4.74) ** |
| Agree | 1.9 | 3.7 | 5.9 | 1.82 (0.72–4.59) | 2.91 (1.18–7.18) * |
Abbreviations: ARRR Adjusted relative risk ratio, CI Confidence interval, ARRR Adjusted for adolescent sex, household income and parent education, ref reference group
* p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001