Table 1.
The mechanism of action of exercises on Central Nervous System and hormones for exercise induced analgesia in PD
| Systems | Exercise protocol | Exercise effects | Mechanism of action |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNS | |||
| Endogenous opioids | 85% HRmax or at 80% of VO2max 20-30 mins 5-8 wks (Max 45 Sessions) |
↑↑ concentration (max 48 hrs) | • Modify Ca2+ activated K+ channels • ↓↓ Neural excitability & Neural firing • ┤Neurotransmitters |
| Endocannabinoids system | 25% MIC or 75-85% HRmax 30 mins |
↑↑ concentration | • ↑ Nociceptive threshold • Hyperpolarization • ↓ in excitatory cell firing rate • SUPPR neurotransmitter release • ↓ nociceptive impulses |
| Serotonergic system | 75-85% HRmax 15 to 60 mins 2-8 wks |
↑↑ concentration (168 hrs) | • ↓↓ expression of SERT • ↑↑ 5HT • ↑↑ Serotonin levels in the RVM |
| NMDA receptor and nor-adrenergic system | 75-85% HRmax 1 hour 1 week |
↑ expression | • ↑ NR1 expression • NMDA receptors non-phosphorylation • ↓↓ Neural excitability & Neural firing • ┤Neurotransmitters |
| Hormones | |||
| Progesterone | 30 to 95% HRmax or 75% of VO2 max 20-30 mins, 3/d/wk 8 weeks |
↑↑ concentration (untrained) ↔ (trained) or ↑ (untrained) |
• regulates the synthesis of PG and LT • ┤MMP expression • ↓ IL-8 mRNA expression • Indirectly regulates Hypoxia |
| Prostaglandins | 100-150 Watts or 30 to 95% HRmax or 60% MVC Single session |
↑↑↑↑ PGE2 and ↑↑ PGF2α 60-90% metabolic clearance of concentration |
• ↓ PGF2α/PGE2 ratio • ↓ PGF receptor expression |
| Inflammatory markers | |||
| Arachidonic acid | 30% to 80% of HRmax 20-40 min Single session |
↑↑ Cytochrome P450 (EET, DHET & ratio) ↑ PG & LT |
• Hyperpolarize of the vascular smooth muscle • ↑ Pro-fibrinolysis • ↓ Inflammation |
↑: increase, ↑↑: highly increase, ↓: decrease, ↓↓: highly decrease, ┤: inhibition, HRmax: maximum heart rate, VO2max: maximum oxygen consumption, MIC: maximum isometric contraction, MVC: maximum voluntary contraction, EET: epoxyeicosatrienoic acid, DHET: dihydroxyeicosatricnoic acid, SERT: serotonin transporter, 5HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, NMDA: N-methyl D-aspartate, NR1: subunit of NMDA receptor, MMP: matrix metalloproteases, IL-8: interleukin 8, RVM: rostral ventral medial medulla, SUPPR: suppress.