Table 2. Factors associated with vaccine hesitancy among all pregnant women in this study.
| Acceptance (n = 796) |
Hesitant (n = 825) |
P-value | aPR | 95% CI | |||
| Response period (2021) | n | % | n | % | |||
| 7/28–8/20 | 83 | 45.1% | 101 | 54.9% | 0.417 | 1.00 | |
| 8/21–8/24 | 484 | 49.0% | 503 | 51.0% | 0.99 | (0.79–1.25) | |
| 8/25–8/31 | 229 | 50.9% | 221 | 49.1% | 0.96 | (0.74–1.23) | |
| Gestational age | |||||||
| <28 weeks | 184 | 51.7% | 172 | 48.3% | 0.579 | 1.00 | |
| 28–31 weeks | 140 | 49.1% | 145 | 50.9% | 0.97 | (0.81–1.17) | |
| 32–36 weeks | 219 | 46.8% | 249 | 53.2% | 0.91 | (0.73–1.15) | |
| ≥37 weeks | 253 | 49.4% | 259 | 50.6% | 0.89 | (0.70–1.13) | |
| Maternal age | |||||||
| <25 years | 27 | 37.5% | 45 | 62.5% | 0.012 | 1.20 | (0.86–1.67) |
| 25–29 years | 227 | 45.0% | 278 | 55.0% | 1.15 | (0.98–1.36) | |
| 30–34 years | 333 | 52.9% | 296 | 47.1% | 1.00 | ||
| 35–39 years | 176 | 51.8% | 164 | 48.2% | 1.01 | (0.83–1.23) | |
| ≥40 years | 33 | 44.0% | 42 | 56.0% | 1.13 | (0.81–1.57) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | |||||||
| <18.5 | 150 | 46.0% | 176 | 54.0% | 0.163 | 1.05 | (0.89–1.25) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 591 | 50.7% | 574 | 49.3% | 1.00 | ||
| 25–29.9 | 42 | 41.2% | 60 | 58.8% | 1.16 | (0.88–1.51) | |
| ≥30 | 13 | 46.4% | 15 | 53.6% | 1.08 | (0.64–1.81) | |
| Parity | |||||||
| Nulliparous | 405 | 46.7% | 463 | 53.3% | 0.034 | 1.12 | (0.90–1.40) |
| Multiparous | 391 | 51.9% | 362 | 48.1% | 1.00 | ||
| Use of in vitro fertilization | |||||||
| Yes | 91 | 46.7% | 53.3 | 53.3% | 0.468 | 1.12 | (0.90–1.40) |
| No | 91 | 49.4% | 721 | 50.6% | 1.00 | ||
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 788 | 49.6% | 802 | 50.4% | 0.009 | 0.76 | (0.49–1.17) |
| Other | 8 | 25.8% | 23 | 74.2% | 1.00 | ||
| Alcohol consumption status | |||||||
| Never | 162 | 44.4% | 203 | 55.6% | 0.041 | 1.00 | |
| Former | 597 | 50.0% | 597 | 50.0% | 0.76 | (0.51–1.13) | |
| Current | 37 | 59.7% | 25 | 40.3% | 0.87 | (0.33–2.28) | |
| Active smoking status | |||||||
| Never | 595 | 49.3% | 613 | 50.7% | 0.909 | 1.00 | |
| Former | 186 | 48.9% | 194 | 51.1% | 0.99 | (0.83–1.17) | |
| Current | 15 | 45.5% | 18 | 54.5% | 1.01 | (0.63–1.64) | |
| Daily passive smoking | |||||||
| Yes | 79 | 46.5% | 91 | 53.5% | 0.468 | 1.07 | (0.85–1.34) |
| No | 717 | 49.4% | 734 | 50.6% | 1.00 | ||
| Maternal medical complicationsa | |||||||
| Yes | 155 | 45.6% | 185 | 54.4% | 0.144 | 1.06 | (0.90–1.25) |
| No | 641 | 50.0% | 640 | 50.0% | 1.00 | ||
| Educational attainment | |||||||
| ≥13 years | 698 | 51.0% | 671 | 49.0% | <0.001 | 0.87 | (0.72–1.05) |
| <13 years | 98 | 38.9% | 154 | 61.1% | 1.00 | ||
| Household income per year | |||||||
| <5 million JPY | 226 | 46.0% | 265 | 54.0% | 0.002 | 1.00 | (0.83–1.20) |
| 5 to <8 million JPY | 155 | 43.3% | 203 | 56.7% | 1.00 | ||
| ≥8 million JPY | 364 | 54.7% | 302 | 45.3% | 0.89 | (0.75–1.05) | |
| Declined to answer or do not know | 51 | 48.1% | 55 | 51.9% | 1.00 | (0.74–1.34) | |
| Occupational status | |||||||
| Working | 327 | 52.2% | 299 | 47.8% | 0.011 | 0.87 | (0.74–1.04) |
| Not working with maternal leave | 214 | 51.3% | 203 | 48.7% | 0.93 | (0.76–1.13) | |
| Not working without maternal leave | 255 | 44.1% | 323 | 55.9% | 1.00 | ||
| Local state of emergency | |||||||
| None | 109 | 41.3% | 155 | 58.7% | 0.017 | 1.00 | |
| Semi-emergency | 217 | 52.0% | 200 | 48.0% | 0.83 | (0.67–1.04) | |
| Emergency | 470 | 50.0% | 470 | 50.0% | 0.90 | (0.74–1.09) | |
| Trust in the government | |||||||
| Yes | 156 | 58.6% | 110 | 41.4% | 0.001 | 1.00 | |
| No | 640 | 47.2% | 715 | 52.8% | 1.26 | (1.03–1.54) | |
| Current or previous COVID-19 | |||||||
| Yes | 7 | 50.0% | 7 | 50.0% | 0.946 | 1.04 | (0.48–2.22) |
| No | 789 | 49.1% | 818 | 50.9% | 1.00 | ||
| Fear of COVID-19 scale (continuous) | 0.99 | (0.98–1.01) | |||||
aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.
aMaternal complications included chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, asthma, thyroid disorders, chronic kidney disease, and autoimmune diseases.
Adjusted for all variables in the table.