Figure 1. Associations between economic hardships and health deterioration during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020, Japan. N = 9,008 (male, working); 3,665 (male, non-working); 6,446 (female, working); 6,363 (female, non-working). Gender- and working status-specific adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence intervals) estimated through weighted multivariable-adjusted log-linear models followed by robust variance estimation controlling for age, education, past-year income level, marital status, cumulative COVID-19 cases in residing area, and history of physical and mental illness. Working status was categorized as to be working (full-time employee, self-employed, part-time/contractor) or non-working (retired, student, domestic worker, unemployed). Deterioration of health was self-reported by asking respondents whether their state of health had worsened compared to that in or during January 2020. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.