TABLE 2.

Domains and items related to measurement of cough symptom severity in patients with refractory or unexplained chronic cough (RCC/UCC)

Domain	Subdomain	Item	Example phrases
1. Urge-to-cough sensations (i.e. laryngeal, chest) that can lead to cough	1.1 Urge frequency	1.1.1 Urge frequency	“I'm constantly feeling as though I want to clear the back of my throat and that's where the cough comes in and it's almost like… If I've cleared my throat for maybe just a moment or two it's almost like there's a sense of, ‘okay, I'm good’. But then almost as quickly as it's cleared, I feel like it's starting again so it's mostly in the background. I'm constantly feeling like I've got something in the back of my throat. And then, once it builds up to a certain point, I'm feeling like I just I am coughing” (Patient 3, male, age 53 years). “Okay, so there's not always, like I mentioned, any sensation or sign that it's going to come on. I do get sometimes that dry tickle [but] it's not consistent” (Patient 1, male, 44). “It's kind of like a constant tickle that I try to get rid of [and] if I don't, then I wind up coughing to try to get rid of it” (Patient 13, female, age 62 years). “The urge comes and then there's no stopping it once that urge is there. And the urge is there a lot” (Patient 12, female, age 75 years).
	1.2 Urge intensity	1.2.1 Urge intensity	“For me, it would be definitely the tickle as a sensation that I get. That's the most common with my mild [coughs]. When I get into my severe [coughs] it could be a hostile tickle because of the laughing getting that tickle started. Even it's like a little bit of a pressure build up at the larynx or like I don't know… a little bit below Adam's apple there's a little bit of pressure builds up there just to start the hack attack or severe cough” (Patient 16, male, age 48 years). “Most of my severe coughs start with that karate chop effect, I was talking about… It can be just… boom it hits me, most of the severe ones start with that karate chop effect in my throat […] Another time I will feel pressure in my chest… like something… I feel just like someone's pushing with their hand down on my chest, and then that will start a cough as well. You know the pressure in my chest, next thing you know it goes more into my throat, and then I start coughing” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years). “I almost feel like my throat is closing by the time I get up in the morning, it feels kind of like where your trachea is that, it's almost like, full? Like the passageway, whether it's mucus or whatever it is, I went to the doctor and they said there's nothing there, but the same sensation is there, that it's closed” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years).
2. Cough	2.1 Cough control		“I don't think I've got the ability anymore to stop my cough” (Patient 12, female, age 75 years). “I cough more than I say I do because I said it, it's part of your life, whether you like it or not, you can't control it, or I can't control it, it just comes” (Patient 7, female, age 72 years). “I mean if I could control the cough, it would be great. I've been using – I've been seeing a speech therapist to try to help me control the cough and she's heard me cough a couple of times and she'll say to me, ‘Oh, you can control that just swallow it down’, [and] it's like no I can't swallow it down, because then I'll start to choke so it's a no-win situation for me” (Patient 4, female, age 62 years).
		2.1.1 Cough control to prevent a cough from starting	“It just seems that, as the phlegm builds up it just gets to a point where you just have no choice. I mean you're going to cough or you're going to try and clear it or get it out” (Patient 3, male, age 53 years). “The less severe cough they all start with a trickle – with a tickle rather – and or, as I said, sort of that mind over matter where I'm going into a theatre I think, ‘I'm gonna cough here now’, but typically it's a tickle that begins. The less severe cough happens when I very quickly produce a phlegm and that's it. The less severe cough can be controlled with a lozenge” (Patient 6, male, age 70 years). “Sometimes when I can feel it coming I try to hold my breath to stop it, which I shouldn't do because it just makes it worse. But like the other two, there's no ability to stop it or control it, it's like it takes over, it just takes over your body and until that cough is out… there's no way to stop it or control it” (Patient 10, female, age 57 years). “At the beginning, I know I could take cough drop, and it would make it less severe or I could drink water and it my control a bit, but I mean those possibilities are long gone way in the past, nothing controls it” (Patient 14, female, age 66 years). “And I when to get into that stage, I am the one who is initiating the severe cough, I'm trying to cough up phlegm and nothing is coming up, although I can feel it there. […] So I am the one who instigates that severe cough as opposed to it just happening on its own” (Patient 6, male, age 70 years).
		2.1.2 Cough control once a cough has started	“Yeah, I think if you can control it, it would be a less severe cough. I have no control once I start” (Patient 11, female, age 60 years). “I don't have an ability to control it once it starts coughing that's it until it stops… and yeah so there's no ability to control it, and it does get more severe as I'm coughing” (Patient 9, female, 50 years). “All you can do [is] cough… you can't control it [during an episode]” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years).
	2.2 Cough frequency	2.2.1 Overall frequency, defined as frequency of single coughs and fits/bouts	“I also judge severity by frequency, so some days I may only have three to four episodes, which I would classify as a good day. Other days I may have 12 to 15 episodes, which obviously, is not so good of a day. So I kind of throw that in there with severity – how many episodes I have” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years). “I would say in my case that it's less about violent frequencies and more of a constant throughout the day. I must cough at least 200 plus times a day. And I don't seem to go through a period of not coughing. It's become just a part [of me]” (Patient 3, male, age 53 years). “I'll have a severe attack at least once a day, sometimes two and three times a day with my short coughs, the easy coughs happen, some days 10 times some days maybe 50 times, I can't seem to pinpoint what makes it cough, what makes it more frequent. I'll have good days when I feel like, “wow I only coughed 10 times today”, but I will still have a good day without having a really severe cough” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years). “Yeah I agree mine's all day long, sometimes it's just little coughs sometimes it's big ones…” (Patient 4, female, age 62 years). “Mine doesn't last a long time, but it happens a lot” (Patient 11, female, age 60 years).
		2.2.2 Daytime frequency	“So for me I don't think I cough much at night at all. But crazy during the day” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “For me personally [my cough frequency] during the day is worse because that's when I'll have more triggers. If I use my voice too much that can be a trigger. Could even be a certain way the wind blows on my face or by my ear that will trigger a sort of spasm or episode” (Patient 1, male, 44 years). “During the day there's more frequency” (Patient 12, female, 75 years). “[My cough] is very rare at night, mostly during the day – actually always during the day” (Patient 6, male, age 70 years).
		2.2.3 Night-time frequency	“So basically when I'm sleeping I don't have a lot of cough” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “I am very lucky when I go to sleep, I do not cough. I feel like I should stay in bed” (Patient 14, female, age 66 years). “Yes, I find at night, like most nights, my nights are just as bad as my days, just out of the blue I'll start coughing. Doesn't matter if I'm on my back, my side, sometimes I have to sit up and just cough it out, or I leave the room and go sit somewhere just because I can't catch my breath” (Patient 10, female, age 57 years). “And I do cough throughout the night. I have a bedtime medication that I take with a sip of water before I go to bed, but as soon as I put my head down, I cough for the next 5–10 minutes, and then I fall asleep, but then I do wake myself up periodically throughout the night with a dry cough” (Patient 13, female, age 62 years).
		2.2.4 Morning frequency	“When I do get up in the morning, as soon as I stand up and as soon as I wake up that's when It all starts happening” (Patient 9, female, 50 years). “My cough is worse in the morning” (Patient 2, male, age 51 years).
		2.2.5 Fit/bout frequency	“I’ll have a severe attack at least once a day, sometimes, two and three times a day” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years). “I would go a month because I think I have one every month. So somebody would be able to relate, I've had seven severe [bouts] in that month period. But like for me it'd be at least once a month, but it seems like everybody else has them more regularly than what I've got right now” (Patient 16, male, age 48 years). “And it's a lot more than what I'm hearing from 6, where he said he could have 2 [severe bouts], like I could have 20” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “I have it mostly everyday, some days I may have 1 or maximum 2 of what I would call the severe cough” (Patient 6, male, age 70 years).
	2.3 Fit/bout duration	2.3.1 Fit/bout duration	“I definitely have spasms and they can go on for 15–20 minutes” (Patient 7, female, age 72 years). “But when I cough it can go up to two to three seconds, and I cough very hard” (Patient 8, female, age 79 years). “Yeah, the duration is probably anywhere from one to three minutes … it's pretty violent, it's more like – almost like a seizure type event” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years). “I cough like probably 30 times a day and it lasts for 15–20 minutes” (Patient 12, female, age 75 years). “I can have coughs that […] it's just like it could be a couple of seconds, and it could be several minutes” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “Many times, my cough gets so bad that I will go for 5–10 minutes” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
	2.4 Intensity	2.4.1 Physical effort to cough	“… It's nonstop and very deep where you literally hold your chest in your stomach when you cough and it can go on all night long for hours and hours so” (Patient 7, female, age 72 years). “It could be very cloudy in the morning, like the phlegm that comes out of your system, and it's to the point where I have to go to the counter or the sink and I'm almost holding on to the counter because it's so hard on your body… so that's what's happening during” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years).
		2.4.2 Difficulty expectorating	“The funny thing is as much as I'm trying to clear something at the back, I would say, if this makes sense, it's more of a dry cough that is very, very difficult to clear anything” (Patient 3, male, age 53 years). “A more severe cough is one that which I think is brought on by…that I just can't get the phlegm to come up. […] Like when the cough comes on and I have to cough… and until I get that phlegm up, I will continue to cough. It's just sometimes, the phlegm comes up very easily, very quickly. Other times I'll have to really start to expel it and pressure it” (Patient 6, male, age 70 years). “During the cough, I have to cough and cough and cough and usually there's phlegm that I have to expel in some way. And I basically won't stop coughing until I get rid of it” (Patient 14, female, age 66 years). “During the day it's more of just a cough and it doesn't stop until my throats clear or something I don't know” (Patient 11, female, age 60 years).
	2.5 Quality	2.5.1 Harshness of cough	“[My cough is] harsh” (Patient 7, female, age 72 years).
		2.5.2 Deepness of cough	“I cough from my feet. So it's deep and it's loud” (Patient 7, female, age 72 years). “Maybe deep, […] it comes from your feet… it can definitely be deep when it's severe” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years). “The cough comes from my gut, it comes from way down, and then sometimes it comes from my chest” (Patient 12, female, age 75 years). “For me it may be a deeper cough like we're having a conversation just like this [inaudible]… there is just a mild cough right? Just in mid conversation, you can have a mild cough, but when we're getting into the severe coughs as we're referring to them as, I find it's a lot deeper cough there's a lot more…I don't want to say thought put into it, but there's a lot more pressure like there's a lot… it's a lot deeper so like a very it's a deep cough I guess” (Patient 16, male, age 48 years).
		2.5.3 Hacking due to cough	“Yeah mine, it's a hacking. I just got a cough…really force it up” (Patient 6, male, age 70 years). “So somebody tells a good joke I started laughing and then I end up into a hack attack, (is what I refer to it as) where it's multiple coughs and usually I feel like a pressure in the top of my head, almost like my head's going to explode when I have those hack attacks” (Patient 16, male, age 48 years).
		2.5.4 Hardness of cough	“When cough it can go up to two to three seconds and I cough very hard” (Patient 8, female, age 79 years). “I consider a severe with me, is when I cough so hard, I actually throw up” (Patient 11, female, age 60 years).
		2.5.5 Barking due to cough	“Oh, I think I sound like a walrus - like a bark. […] A loud bark” (Patient 12, female, age 75 years).
		2.5.6 Strong cough	“I think you have to hear it to describe it. It's just very strong” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “I have to make a point [and say], “okay breathe, take a break and breathe” because sometimes you're exhaling so much and it's such a strong and violent exhale that I have trouble getting air to breathe in” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
		2.5.7 Violent cough	“It can be very violent and it doesn't last very long these spasms” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years). “It's the violence of the cough” (Patient 4, female, age 62 years). “It's such a strong and violent exhale” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
	2.6 Associated features/sequelae	Experiences while coughing that are associated with intensity
		2.6.1 Dizziness due to cough	“Afterwards, I sometimes get dizziness like severe dizziness” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years). “Occasionally, I have had some coughing fits that have left me dizzy whether it's my blood pressure changing or what have you, but the dizziness definitely does play a part in it at certain points” (Patient 3, male, age 53 years). “And it does leave you with some dizziness” (Patient 7, female, age 72 years). “I'm coughing my brains out, let's put it that way. My head is spinning after” (Patient 12, female, age 75 years). “When I finish it one of my bad sessions, I feel extremely exhausted, lightheaded” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
		2.6.2 Syncope due to cough	“At times it'll get bad enough, where I blackout, or I feel like I'm going to blackout” (Patient 4, female, age 62 years). “You're coughing hard enough that you're passing out” (Patient 16, male, age 48 years). “I start coughing. I get to the point where I'm turning red, feel like I'm going to pass out” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years). “You're just coughing and coughing and coughing and you get all heated up, lightheaded, feel like you want to pass out because the severity of the cough has taken so much out of you” (Patient 13, female, age 62 years).
		2.6.3 Wheeze due to cough	“I'd say the sound is almost like you're wheezing” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “Almost feels like I would go into a wheeze and sometimes I have, but not all the time” (Patient 11, female, age 60 years).
		2.6.4 Dyspnoea/shortness of breath due to cough	“My husband was sitting staring at me waiting for me to – I felt like he was waiting for me to die, and it was like, ‘is she ever going to get her breath back?’, and I finally got it calmed down enough to get my breath back and then I'm sitting and I'm deep breathing” (Patient 4, female, age 62 years). “I find that I can lose my air and what I mean by that is I've got to breathe in to speak out after a bad session” (Patient 7, female, age 72 years). “And after, I have a lot of spells […] I also lose my breath, so it takes a bit to catch my breath again after coughing” (Patient 10, female, age 57 years). “At my cough I get coughing really, really bad and shortness of breath. Sometimes, it can't breathe properly. But it calms down on its own, after a while” (Patient 2, male, age 51 years). “So it gets to the point where you're coughing, so much, so severe and so badly that you almost feel like you're losing your breath because you're gasping” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “I have to make a point [and say], ‘okay breathe, take a break and breathe’ because sometimes you're exhaling so much and it's such a strong and violent exhale that I have trouble getting air to breathe in” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
		2.6.5 Incontinence due to cough	“[Incontinence] can be bad” (Patient 4, female, age 62 years). “I literally have to go to the bathroom or I might go in my pants type thing. And it's not pee, it's the opposite - it's diarrhoea. It's not always, it's just when I have those really severe ones and if it's morning” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “Unfortunately, I'm incontinent when it happens, sometimes. [That's when] it's really terrible” (Patient 12, female, age 75 years).
		2.6.6 Pressure in head due to cough	“I end up into a hack attack (is what I refer to it as), where it's multiple coughs and usually I feel like a pressure in the top of my head, almost like my head's going to explode when I have those hack attacks” (Patient 16, male, age 48 years). “I had the head pressure, everything like you said, I felt like I was going to pass out” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years). “I'm all heated up and my head feels it's going to explode” (Patient 13, female, age 62 years). “It puts a lot of pressure on your face, you know from the coughing and everything” (Patient 14, female, age 66 years).
		2.6.7 Tightness of throat due to cough	“And then I feel the pain in my temples but also that's true the neck pain I feel it afterwards, like that tightness just like I have tight scarf or something around my neck” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
		2.6.8 Tightness of chest due to cough	“I cough from my feet. […] Your muscles all tighten up in your chest” (Patient 7, female, age 72 years). “For myself, for the severe coughs, again it's the pressure. It's very… I can relate to the struggle to breathing… it's just a lot of pressure. A lot of pressure in the head and the chest. But the mild ones, nothing to it really it's just. Just a mild, like the common cough. No pressure” (Patient 16, male, age 48 years).
		Immediate experiences after coughing that are associated with intensity depending on susceptibility
		2.6.9 General pain due to cough	“I cough from my feet. So it's deep and it's loud and it hurts, your muscles all tighten up in your chest” (Patient 7, female, age 72 years). “I have severe pains, like in my chest and in my back, in my abdomen. I had a muscle or something popped out just on my chest, like the size of the bb finger overnight from the coughing. I'm just really sore and tender because I cough so much. Like my back, my ribs, my abdomen and things like that” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
		2.6.10 Rib pain or fracture due to cough	“I think coughing so badly that you feel it in your ribs almost and in back pain” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “And it does hurt my ribs and my stomach, like when I caught so bad, and they just come out of the blue” (Patient 10, female, age 57 years). “I have actually coughed so bad that I have popped the rib in my back” (Patient 13, female, age 62 years). “It puts a lot of pressure on your face, you know from the coughing and everything, and I do pop ribs frequently” (Patient 14, female, age 66 years).
		2.6.11 Chest pain due to cough	“My cough is worse in the mornings, sometimes I get chest pains, but they go away after a while when I try to settle it down” (Patient 2, male, age 51 years).
		2.6.12 Abdominal pain due to cough	“[After I cough] […] my stomach is sore…” (Patient 12, female, age 75 years). “And it does hurt my ribs and my stomach, like when I caught so bad, and they just come out of the blue” (Patient 10, female, age 57 years).
		2.6.13 Back pain due to cough	“And during [the cough] sometimes it can be very severe where it feels almost like you're coughing so badly that you feel it in your back” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years).
		2.6.14 Neck pain due to cough	“My neck as well, I can feel pain in my neck when I have the severe cough as well” (Patient 11, female, age 60 years). “It's almost like someone is squeezing your neck from both sides, like that hard pressure and pain” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
		2.6.15 Aches due to cough	“I would remember yesterday, too - I had a session, where I coughed all night, and I was really sore” (Patient 7, female, age 72 years). “I find it very agonising – that's the word I was looking for, agonising. It just seems to be like every part of your chest and all around there ache, like really ache, when it's really bad” (Patient 5, female, age 70 years).
		2.6.16 Headache due to cough	“[After I cough] my head aches” (Patient 5, female, age 70 years). “Sometimes I'll get a headache after my cough” (Patient 16, male, age 48 years). “I find that when I have the cough attack the actual headache is in my temples, like it actually hurts to touch my temple sometime” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
		2.6.17 Exhaustion due to cough effort	“It (my cough) is very draining” (Patient 13, female, age 62 years). “It can be physically exhausting” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years). “Just from coughing so much that it takes so much energy out of you” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “When I finish the cough, to be honest with you, I don't feel better I'm just really exhausted” (Patient 12, female, age 75 years). “I feel the same way, I'm exhausted and I'd like to lay down for a bit” (Patient 10, female, age 57 years). “And it sometimes can make me feel very worn out” (Patient 14, female, age 66 years). “When I finish it one of my bad sessions, I feel extremely exhausted” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
		2.6.18 Voice loss due to cough	“One of the after effects as well that I get sometimes [is that] it'll really weaken my voice if I have a couple of really bad episodes, my voice [will be] next to gone for a few hours” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years). “I lost my voice for 3 weeks because of the coughing… [the coughing was] so severe” (Patient 5, female, age 70 years). “Something I want to mention is when I went to ear, nose and throat specialist a year and a half or 2 years ago, because I lost my voice from the coughing” (Patient 14, female, age 66 years).
		2.6.19 Retching/dry heaving/gagging/choking due to cough	“I get dry heaving sometimes too like its associated with choking, I don't always throw up, but definitely some dry heaving. Sometimes that's even a worse symptom than the coughing itself” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years). “But it's almost like you're almost like – you're not throwing up but it feels like the same thing of throwing up” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “Yeah, I almost feel at times [that] when I get the phlegm and I can make it come up that it's a successful cough, as stupid as that sounds, because most of them are just a dry heave” (Patient 4, female, age 62 years).
		2.6.20 Vomiting due to cough	“[I can] cough like crazy… to the point where I'm almost like vomiting” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “I consider a severe with me, is when I cough so hard, I actually throw up” (Patient 11, female, age 60 years). “And after, I have a lot of spells when I cough where I vomit” (Patient 10, female, age 57 years). “A lot of times with a severe cough I have to cough until I expel all this phlegm. If it's after eating I'll throw up food” (Patient 14, female, age 66 years).
		2.6.21 Nausea due to cough	“It (my cough) can cause nausea sometimes too” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years). “I was going through this same thing where [if I was] nauseated, [bad] stomach, anything you know, and I just never, never, never stopped [coughing]” (Patient 5, female, age 70 years).
		2.6.22 Expectoration of phlegm, sputum or mucus	“The only time I find relief, believe it or not – if the phlegm is really bad, is if I throw up… it seems to clear everything right out, and I feel relief” (Patient 5, female, age 70 years). “Okay, with my cough like I cough so much where I vomit a lot of mucus” (Patient 10, female, age 57 years). “I consider a severe with me, is when I cough so hard, I actually throw up. Now, sometimes throw up, but sometimes it is literally, sorry I don't mean to be gross, literally a mouth full of phlegm. So that's my most severe” (Patient 11, female, age 60 years). “Sometimes I have a coughing spell and then I burp and then sort of throw up the phlegm. This would possibly happen after drinking, for example, water” (Patient 14, female, age 66 years).
		2.6.23 Feeling of heart racing due to cough	“It's a constant fight to try to get my breath to bring my heart rate back down” (Patient 4, female, age 62 years). “Afterwards, I sometimes get dizziness like severe dizziness or I could feel my heart rate slow, slow and then speed up after the event is over. So it's like my heart rebounding from slowing down” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years). “But I find every time I have a really strong one, which happens many times a day, it's almost like your heart is racing. So I just put my hand on my heart, I want to make sure that I'm calming it down. So I think it's tough on our internal organs” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “And one thing I noticed after a cough, is that it raises my blood pressure” (Patient 14, female, age 66 years). “And my pulse rate, as I'm sure all of yours, goes extremely high. And oxygen level goes low, I have one of those, you know the oxygen levels dropped significantly as well” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
		2.6.24 Feeling of body heating up due to cough	“You're just coughing and coughing and coughing and you get all heated up” (Patient 13, female, age 62 years). “You've got during the cough your body temperature goes up” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “Many times, my cough gets so bad […] and then the rest of my body breaks out into a sweat” (Patient 15, male, age 48 years).
		2.6.25 Umbilical hernia due to cough	“I had a muscle or something popped out just on my chest, like the size of the bb finger overnight from the coughing” (Patient 15, male, age 48 years).
		2.6.26 Watery eyes due to cough	“You've got during the cough […] your eyes are watering, and that to me is the description of the more severe” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “It almost looked like I was crying when I have the bad attacks” (Patient 10, female, age 57 years). “But it was so bad was so bad, I was in tears” (Patient 16, male, age 48 years).
		2.6.27 Sneezing due to cough	“I experience like coughing low from the gut, coughing loud, sneezing - like I can sneeze up to 20 times. And my cough is usually dry. Actually, I don't usually produce anything. Although this is the sneezing is wet and yeah it's just severe coughing sneezing and coughing and sneezing” (Patient 12, female, age 75 years). “And often at the end of my cough sessions, I will end with the sneezes as the finale” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
		2.6.28 Numbness in extremities due to cough	“And I sometimes get some numbness in my extremities like if I'm having a really bad episode I'll feel numbness in my hands and my feet” (Patient 1, male, age 44 years). “[I get numbness] down my arms, yeah” (Patient 4, female, age 62 years). “[I get like] like pins and needles” (Patient 7, female, age 72 years). “Many times, my cough gets so bad that […] I feel my legs going numb and burning” (Patient 15, female, age 57 years).
		2.6.29 Redness in eyes and face due to cough	“[After I cough] my head aches and I think like 9 said, my eyes are beet red” (Patient 12, female, age 75 years). “And then afterwards as I've mentioned about the eyes [getting red and tearing up] and that sort of thing” (Patient 9, female, age 50 years). “During a severe cough my face may become red” (Patient 6, male, age 70 years). “Many times, my cough gets so bad that […] I'm turning the red during my cough sessions” (Patient 15, male, age 48 years).