TABLE 1.
Age‐ and sex‐adjusted characteristics of the study participants by categories of the frequency of balanced meal consumption*
| Frequency of balanced meal consumption | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daily | 4‐5 days/week | 2‐3 days/week | ≤1 day/week | |
| Number of participants | 822 | 484 | 717 | 434 |
| Age (mean ±s.d., year) | 42.9 ± 0.40 | 39.9 ± 0.52 | 36.2 ± 0.43 | 34.0 ± 0.55 |
| Sex (men, %) | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.31 |
| Work site (Tokyo, %) | 77.8 | 77.8 | 83.2 | 79.6 |
| Occupation (doctor, %) | 15.1 | 12.2 | 15.5 | 9.1 |
| Working hours (≥11 hours/day, %) | 10.4 | 11.0 | 14.1 | 14.9 |
| Degree of possible exposure to SARS‐CoV‐2 (high†, %) | 20.6 | 25.2 | 23.2 | 24.0 |
| Leisure‐time physical activity (≥ 60 minutes/week, %) | 34.0 | 35.2 | 29.2 | 30.2 |
| Smoking status (current, %) | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.2 | 10.1 |
| Alcohol consumption (current ‡ , %) | 41.5 | 35.8 | 39.7 | 35.6 |
| Sleep duration (<6 hours/day, %) | 42.1 | 52.5 | 51.2 | 62.3 |
| BMI (mean ± s.d., kg/m2) | 21.7 ± 0.11 | 21.9 ± 0.15 | 22.1 ± 0.12 | 21.9 ± 0.16 |
| Comorbidity of chronic disorders (yes § , %). | 18.0 | 18.7 | 17.1 | 18.9 |
| Living arrangement (living alone, %) | 15.4 | 31.1 | 47.3 | 54.3 |
| Frequency of eating with others (<1 day/week, %) | 10.8 | 13.6 | 22.2 | 29.8 |
Abbreviations: s.d., standard deviation, BMI, body mass index.
Data were expressed as means (s.d.) and percentages for continuous variables and categorical variables, respectively, adjusted for age and sex. Their differences across categories of the frequency of balanced meal consumption were tested using linear regression analysis or multiple logistic regression for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.
Individuals engaged in COVID‐19‐related work with heavy exposure to the virus.
Alcohol consumption of at least one day per week.
Chronic disorders include diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, cancer, and other chronic diseases.