Table 1.
Socio-demographic information of participating families (N = 111)
| Full sample | Lesbian mothers (n = 72) | Gay fathers (n = 78) | Heterosexual parents (n = 72) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual characteristics (N = 222) | N (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Χ2(df) | p |
| Parent educational levela | 6.93 (2) | 0.031 | ||||
| Less than a bachelor’s degree | 53 (23.9) | 19 (26.4) | 11 (14.1) | 23 (31.9) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 169 (76.1) | 53 (73.6) | 67 (85.9) | 49 (68.1) | ||
| Parent working status (full-time) | 10.43 (4) | 0.034 | ||||
| Not workingb | 26 (11.7) | 10 (13.9) | 12 (15.4) | 4 (5.6) | ||
| Working part-timec | 25 (11.3) | 12 (16.7) | 3 (3.8) | 10 (13.9) | ||
| Working full-time | 171 (77.0) | 50 (69.4) | 63 (80.8) | 58 (80.6) | ||
| Personal income (monthly gross, in shekel)d | 21.20 (2) | <0.001 | ||||
| 20,000₪ or less | 149 (67.1) | 57 (79.2) | 37 (47.4) | 55 (76.4) | ||
| 20,001₪ or more | 73 (32.9) | 15 (20.8) | 41 (52.6) | 17 (23.6) | ||
| Religione | 6.87 (2) | 0.032 | ||||
| Yes | 17 (7.7) | 5 (6.9) | 2 (2.6) | 10 (13.9) | ||
| No | 205 (92.3) | 67 (93.1) | 76 (97.4) | 62 (86.1) | ||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F (df) | p | |
| Parent age (in years) | 41.10 (6.23) | 39.70 (5.15) | 41.20 (5.49) | 42.60 (7.58) | 2.55 (2108) | 0.083 |
| Full sample | Lesbian mother families (n = 36) | Gay father families (n = 39) | Heterosexual parent families (n = 36) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Family characteristics (N = 111) | N (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Χ2(df) | p |
| Child gender | 2.98 (2) | 0.223 | ||||
| Boy | 62 (55.9) | 23 (63.9) | 23 (59.0) | 16 (44.4) | ||
| Girl | 49 (44.1) | 13 (36.1) | 16 (41.0) | 20 (55.6) | ||
| Number of children | 15.10 (4) | 0.004 | ||||
| 1f | 20 (18.0) | 12 (33.3) | 3 (7.7) | 5 (13.9) | ||
| 2g | 66 (59.5) | 16 (44.4) | 31 (79.5) | 19 (52.8) | ||
| 3 or more | 25 (22.5) | 8 (22.2) | 5 (12.8) | 12 (33.3) | ||
| Marital statush | 8.67 (2) | 0.013 | ||||
| Cohabiting (not married/no civil partnership) | 13 (11.7) | 8 (22.2) | 5 (12.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Married/civil partnership/contract | 98 (88.3) | 28 (77.8) | 34 (87.2) | 36 (100.0) | ||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | F (df) | p | |
| Child age at visiti (in months) | 67.60 (25.00) | 56.50 (21.70) | 71.40 (23.90) | 74.80 (26.00) | 5.93 (2108) | 0.004 |
| Relationship durationl (in years) | 12.70 (4.42) | 10.90 (4.01) | 13.10 (4.43) | 14.20 (4.19) | 5.66 (2108) | 0.005 |
Note. Percentages may not equal to 100, due to rounding. n number of participants, Χ2 chi-square test statistic, F Fisher’s distribution statistic, df degrees of freedom, p p value, ARs adjusted residuals
aGay fathers > heterosexual parents (ARs = −2.5)
bHeterosexual Parents < lesbian mothers and gay fathers (ARs = −2.0)
cGay fathers < lesbian mothers and heterosexual parents (ARs = −2.6)
dGay fathers > lesbian mothers and heterosexual parents (ARs = 4.6)
eGay fathers < heterosexual parents (ARs = –2.1)
fLesbian mothers > gay fathers (ARs = 2.9)
gGay fathers > lesbian mothers (ARs = 3.2)
fLesbian mothers > gay fathers (ARs = 2.9)
hLesbian mothers < heterosexual parents
iLesbian mothers < heterosexual parents, p = 0.001
lLesbian mothers < heterosexual parents, p = 0.001