Table 4.
Primary energy and macronutrient outcomes across time of day and experimental condition
| Short Mean (SD) | Healthy Mean (SD) | t | d | Short Mean (SD) | Healthy Mean (SD) | t | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 06:00–10:59 | 11:00–15:59 | |||||||
| Energy (Kcal) | 382.6 (264.8) | 414.7 (272.3) | 0.78 | 0.13 | 624.0 (350.7) | 616.1 (316.4) | −0.04 | 0.05 |
| Fat (g) | 12.6 (14.1) | 15.1 (15.5) | 0.22 | 0.19 | 24.6 (15.1) | 25.7 (14.8) | 0.63 | 0.13 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 56.5 (34.4) | 57.7 (33.8) | 0.29 | 0.08 | 81.1 (52.1) | 76.7 (41.7) | −0.60 | 0.03 |
| Protein (g) | 12.9 (12.5) | 14.0 (11.5) | 0.55 | 0.10 | 21.7 (13.2) | 21.5 (12.9) | −0.19 | 0.02 |
| Added sugar (g) | 18.6 (14.4) | 18.2 (14.5) | −0.00 | 0.02 | 27.0 (35.2) | 21.8 (21.8) | −1.38 | 0.20 |
| 16:00–20:59 | 21:00–01:00 | |||||||
| Energy (Kcal) | 787.0 (464.7) | 734.4 (363.2) | −0.58 | 0.05 | 305.0 (365.3) | 177.3 (299.3) | −2.51* | 0.38 |
| Fat (g) | 32.8 (22.1) | 31.4 (18.4) | −0.11 | 0.01 | 12.8 (16.8) | 7.7 (16.1) | −2.03* | 0.31 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 93.1 (56.4) | 80.8 (42.5) | −1.69 | 0.21 | 37.6 (44.8) | 20.2 (33.9) | −2.77* | 0.44 |
| Protein (g) | 31.6 (22.0) | 33.1 (18.3) | 1.79 | 0.23 | 10.7 (14.3) | 7.1 (13.9) | −1.45 | 0.26 |
| Added sugar (g) | 27.6 (28.6) | 20.4 (20.5) | −1.85 | 0.30 | 13.5 (22.2) | 7.6 (21.9) | 1.73 | 0.27 |
*P < .05 across conditions both with and without accounting for covariates.