Table 1.
Summary of medicinal plants with confirmed antidiabetic activity.
| Scientific name | Family | Local name | In vivo Test | In vitro Test | Plant part | Effect | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajuga remota | Lamiaceae | Akoraracha | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓BGL (P < 0.0001) at aqueous extracts 300 and 500 mg/kg by 27.83 ± 2.96% and 38.98 ± 0.67%, respectively. ↓BGL (P < 0.05) at 70% ethanol extracts 300 and 500 mg/kg by 27.94 ± 1.92% and 28.26 ± 1.82%, respectively. | [107] | |
| Satvia rebaudiani | Asteraceae | Sugar leaf | OGTT and Alloxan induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓BGL (P < 0.05) at the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) 14 days. | [85] | |
| Thymus schemperi and Thymus vulgaris | Lamiaceae | Tosign | Alloxan induced DM | α-amylase α-glucosidase | Leaf | ↓BGL at all doses of the extract (P < 0.05) at days 7, 14, and 21. Antidiabetic activity (P < 0.05) exhibited by 400 mg/kg compared to 100 mg/kg. It also showed significant α-amylase α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. |
[54,55] | |
| Hagenia abyssinica | Rosaceae | Kosso | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | α-amylase | Flower | Inhibited α-amylase activity by 54.23% with IC50 20.78 μg/mL at 800 μg/mL ethyl acetate fraction. Inhibited α–amylase activity with IC50 52.11 ± 0.63, 49.08 ± 0.97 μg/mL, and 28.09 ± 0.75 μg/mL of water and chloroform fraction, and crude extract, respectively. | [108] | |
| Hagenia abyssinica | Rosaceae | Kosso | STZ induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓BGL (P < 0.05) at the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) 14 days. | [50] | |
| Calpurnia aurea | Fabaceae | Digta | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓Hyperglycemia (P < 0.05) with 5.5 and 11 mg/kg at 2 h in OGTT mice. ↓BGL with 2.75 (P < 0.05), 5.5 (P < 0.01) and 11 mg/kg (P < 0.001) extract on the 7th and 14th day of repeated doses in diabetic mice. ≥175 [52] (14) Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth. Hydromethanolic leaf extract STZ-induced diabetic mice 100, 200, and 400 GL Phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids ↓Hyperglycemia (P < 0.05) at al | [109] | |
| Datura stramonium | Solanaceae | Astenagir | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Seed | BGL (P < 0.05) at 100 mg/kg (P < 0.01) and 200 and 400 mg/kg. ↓BGL (P < 0.0l) at all doses of extract on day 7 and 14. ↓BGL (P < 0.05) at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg extract. Improved BW of diabetic mice on day 7 and 14. | [110] | |
| Aloe megalacantha and Aloe moticola | Aloeceae and Asparagaceae, respectivily | Eret | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | α-amylase inhibitory | Leaf latex | ↓BGL (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg doses at the 7th and 14th days, respectively. Possessed α-amylase suppression activity at both the leaf latex and the fraction (Rf value of 0.49) with IC50 value of 74.76 ± 1.98 and 96.75 ± 1.98 μg/mL, respectively (P < 0.001). | [51,52] | |
| Ajuga integrifolia | Lamiaceae | Anamaro | OGTT and STZ induced DM | Root | The extract and aqueous fraction of A. integrifolia exhibited a significant BGL reduction effect at all tested doses. Both the repeated daily doses of the crude extract and aqueous fraction of A. integrifolia showed similar activity in reducing the fasting BGL in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice models | [91] | ||
| Aloe pulecherrima | Aloeceae | Eret | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | α-amylase, Sucrose and Maltase inhibitory | Leaf latex | Inhibited sucrase, maltase, and α-amylase. ↓BGL (P < 0.05) in OGTT mice. ↓BGL of diabetic mice (P < 0.05) on week 1 and 2. ↓BGL with increasing the doses on week 1 (P < 0.05 (200 mg/kg), P < 0.01(400 mg/kg), and P < 0.001 (600 mg/kg)). | [53] | |
| Bacium grandiflorum Lam | Lamiaceae | Mentesie | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓BGL (P < 0.05) at the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) 14 days. | [100] | |
| Bersama abyssinica | Melianthaceae | Azamira | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | α-amylase | Leaf | ↓BGL by 25.71, 33.27, 40.71, and 48.39% at 400 mg/kg chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fraction, and crude extract, respectively, in diabetic mice. Inhibited α-amylase with different IC50 values of crude extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and the chloroform fraction. | [56] | |
| Pentas schimperiana | Rubiaceae | Not stated | Normoglycemic, OGTT and Alloxan-induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓BGL at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg for fresh leaf hydroalcoholic and dried leaf aqueous extracts by 26.7% (P < 0.01) and 26.97% (P < 0.001), respectively. ↓BGL with hydroalcoholic dried leaf extract by 19.27% (P < 0.001) at 1,000 mg/kg dose on 3 h ↓BGL with methanol and aqueous at a dose of 500 mg/kg (P < 0.001). | [111] | |
| Moringa stenopetala | Moringaceae | Shifraw | OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓BGL for ethanol extract at 60 (P < 0.05) and 120, 180, and 240 min (P < 0.001). ↓BGL for aqueous extract at 120 min (P < 0.01) and 180 and 240 min (P < 0.001) of single dose in diabetic mice. ↓BGL for the ethanol extract (P < 0.001) at 3rd day. ↓BGL for aqueous extract on the 3rd (P < 0.01) and 5th and 8th days (P < 0.001). ↓BGL for chloroform and butanol fractions on 5th day (P < 0.01) and 8th day (P < 0.001) in diabetic mice. | ||
| Calpunia aure | Fabaceae | Ligita | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓BGL at all doses of the extract (P < 0.05) at days 7, 14, and 21. Antidiabetic activity (P < 0.05) exhibited by 400 mg/kg compared to 100 mg/kg. | [109] | |
| Thymus schimperi | Lamiaceae | Tosign | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓BGL (P < 0.05) at the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) 14 days. | ||
| Justicia schimperiana | Acanthaceae | Smiza | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Leaf | Showed significant tolerance (P < 0.05) at 1 and 2 h ↓BGL (P < 0.05) at 4 h in normoglycemic mice. ↓BGL (P < 0.05) at 400 mg/kg extract at 2, 3, and 4 h of treatment in diabetic mice. | [112] | |
| Terminalia brownie | Combrefaceae | Abalo | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | Stem bark | ↓Hyperglycemia with OGTT by the crude extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg (P < 0.01), 750 (P < 0.05) after 60 min, and 750 mg/kg (P < 0.01) after 120 min ↓BGL (P < 0.01) with ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions at 500 mg/kg in diabetic model. | [113] | ||
| Croton macrostachys | Euphorbiaceae | Bisana | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Root | ↓Hyperglycemia by 300 mg/kg compared to 100 (P < 0.001) and 200 mg/kg (P < 0.01) in diabetic mice. ↓BGL in OGTT at doses of 100 (P < 0.01), 200 (P < 0.001), and 300 mg/kg (P < 0.001) after 60, 90, and 120 min of glucose loading. | [114] | |
| Indigofera spicata | Fabaceae | Not stated | Normoglycemic, OGTT and Alloxan-induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓BGL at 200 and 400 mg/kg in normoglycemic mice (P < 0.05). ↓BGL (P < 0.05) in only 400 mg/kg exposed groups at the 120 min of postexposure in OGTT model. ↓BGL (P < 0.05) at all doses of the extract at 4, 6, and 10 h on diabetic mice. | [115] | |
| Otostegia integrifolia | Lamiaceae | Tinjut | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓BGLs at 200 mg/kg extract in the hypoglycemic and OGTT models. ↓Fasting BGL (P < 0.001) at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses at 4 h in diabetic mice. | [116] | |
| Caylusea abyssinica | Resedaceae | Akorarach | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓BGL by 100 (P < 0.05) and 300 mg/kg extract (P < 0.01) starting from the 3rd h, and by 200 mg/kg (P < 0.001) as early as the 2 nd h in diabetic mice. ↓BGL by 100 mg/kg extract (P < 0.01) at 120 min and 200 mg/kg (P < 0.001) at 60 min in OGTT. | [117] | |
| Rubus Erlangeri | Rosaceae | Not stated | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | α-amylase | Leaf | ↓BGL (P < 0.05) at the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) 14 days. | [118] | |
| Lens culinaris | Leguminosae | Not stated | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Seed | ↓BGL at all doses of the extract (P < 0.05) at days 7, 14, and 21. Antidiabetic activity (P < 0.05) exhibited by 400 mg/kg compared to 100 mg/kg. | [119] | |
| Aloe camperi | Asphadelaceae | Ere | OGTT and Alloxan-induced DM | – | Leaf | Showed a significant (P<0.001) reduction of BGL as compared to the diabetic control group. | [120] | |
| Acanthus polystachyus | Acanthaceae | Not stated | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Root | ↓BGL (P < 0.05) at the extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) 14 days. | ||
| Capparis tomentosa | Capparaceae | Gumero | Alloxan-induced DM | – | Root | ↓BGL at all doses of the extract (P < 0.05) at days 7, 14, and 21. Antidiabetic activity (P < 0.05) exhibited by 400 mg/kg compared to 100 mg/kg. | [121] | |
| Catha Edulis | Celastracea | Khat | Normoglycemic, OGTT and STZ induced DM | – | Leaf | ↓Fasting BGL from 223.7 ± 27.6 to 106 ± 18.2 mg/dl, at the end of study (P < 0.05). | [122] | |
Note: SZT: Streptozotocin; +: in vivo antidiabetic activity; IC50: inhibitory concentration; BGL: blood glucose level; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; DM: Diabetes mellitus.