Table 2.
Phytochemical screening and toxicity study of medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus management.
| Scientific name | LD50 (mg/kg) | Phytochemical constituents | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ajuga remota | >2,000 | Saponins, phenolic compounds, steroids, flavonoids, and tannins | [92] |
| Satvia rebaudiani | >5,000 | Triterpenes, rebaudioside A-F, steviolbioside, sterols, ducloside A, stevioside, and flavonoids | [123] |
| Hagenia abyssinica | >2,000 | Tannins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, and saponins | [108] |
| Datura stramonium | >2,000 | Alkaloids, saponins, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and terpenoids | [110] |
| Aloe megalacantha | >2,000 | Terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, and phenolic compounds | [52] |
| Ajuga integrifolia | >2,000 | Alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, steroids, tannins, and saponins | [124] |
| Aloe pulecherrima | ND | Nataloin, chrysophanol, 7-hydroxyaloin, and aloesaponarin | [125]. |
| Bacium grandiflorum Lam | >2,000 | Anthraquinones, saponins, phytosterols tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, and coumarins | [126] |
| Bersama abyssinica | >2,000 | Steroids, glycosides, terpenes, carotenoids, alkaloids, phenols, anthraquinones, tannins, triterpene, flavonoids, fatty acids, coumarins, and vitamins | [127,128] |
| Pentas schimperiana | >4,000 | phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, steroidal, and tannins | [89] |
| Moringa stenopetala | >50 g/kg | Alkaloid, flavonoids, glycoside, flavanol, glycosinolate, and sterol | [129] |
| Justicia schimperiana | >2,000 | Triterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, quinines, and phytosterols | [130] |
| Terminalia brownie | >2,000 | Flavonoids, phytosterols, polyphenols, saponins, and tannins | [131] |
| Croton macrostachys | >5,000 | Flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins | [114] |
| Indigofera spicata | >2,000 | Glycoside, alkaloid, saponin, tannins, diterpenes, phytosterol, and flavonoids | [115] |
| Otostegia integrifolia | >5,000 | Saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, and phenolic compounds. gas chromatography, GC-mass spectrometry and NMR techniques confirms the identification of many constituents such as stigmasterol, pentatriacontane, (15, 16-epoxy3a, 9a-dihydroxy-labda-13(16) & 14-diene and 9(13), (+)-1-methyl-4-(5, 9-dimethyl1-methylene-deca-4, 8-dienyl)-cyclohexene41, 15(16) - diepoxy-3a-hydroxy-16- dihydrolabda-14-ene] | [89,116] |
| Caylusea abyssinica | >2,000 | Reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, steroidal compounds, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and cardiac glycosides | [117] |
| Aloe camperi | >2,000 | Saponins, phenols, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, proteins, and carbohydrates | [132] |
| Acanthus polystachyus | >2,000 | Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroidal compounds, polyphenols, glycosides, saponins, anthraquinones, and terpenoids | [133] |
Note: LD50: lethal dose 50; ND: result not determined.