TABLE 1.
Descriptive Statistics at Baseline
| Control (N = 473) Means (Standard Deviations)a | Intervention (N = 473) Means (Standard Deviations)a | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||
| Male | 0.64 (0.48) | 0.59 (0.49) |
| Age* | 45.23 (8.77) | 46.47 (8.87) |
| Race | ||
| White* | 0.67 (0.47) | 0.71 (0.45) |
| Indian* | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.12 (0.33) |
| Other* | 0.14 (0.35) | 0.16 (0.37) |
| College graduate* | 0.81 (0.39) | 0.76 (0.43) |
| Employee characteristics | ||
| Costs to employer at baselineb,c | 6,005.43 (4,071.46) | 5,838.93 (3,726.39) |
| Manager | 0.21 (0.40) | 0.22 (0.42) |
| Salaryb | 92,145.48 (19,117.17) | 90,850.93 (19,684.39) |
| Bonusb,d | 12,937.45 (4,487.07) | 12,810.13 (5,063.67) |
| Worked per week, past 4 wks, hrs | 45.39 (9.18) | 45.66 (9.59) |
| Overall performance self-rating, past 4 wkse | 8.18 (1.13) | 8.25 (1.01) |
| PTO taken, past 6 mos, hrs | 98.77 (22.51) | 100.87 (22.54) |
| Healthcare utilizationf | ||
| Nights in hospital, past 6 mos | 0.07 (0.54) | 0.09 (0.55) |
| Visits to emergency department/urgent care facility, past 6 mos | 0.10 (0.36) | 0.12 (0.38) |
| Visits to outpatient provider, past 6 mos | 1.49 (4.23) | 1.60 (3.66) |
| Instances of outpatient substance abuse or mental health care, past 6 mos | 0.25 (1.68) | 0.32 (2.01) |
*
P < 0.05; tests are independent sample t tests or chi-square tests (race).
a
Based on respondent self-report on 6 months before baseline interview.
b
Expressed in 2011 US dollars.
c
Includes costs incurred by employer based on presenteeism and health care utilization.
d
Missing values imputed on 11% of participants.
e
Using a scale of 0 to 10, how would you rate your overall performance on the days you worked during the past 4 weeks?.
f
Unconditional averages.
PTO, paid time off.