Table 3.
Muscle strength endurance.
| hEDS (n=20) | HSD (n=23) | CTR (n=28) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LOWER LIMBS | ||||
| Isokinetic test at an angular velocity of 240°/sec | ||||
| Extensors | ||||
| Total work (J) | 967.3 ± 445.17 | 1057.8 ± 409.80 | 1773.9 ± 458.33 a,b | <0.001* |
| Total work/LMDL (J/kg) | 140.9 ± 59.44 | 151.2 ± 58.22 | 231.8 ± 41.15 a,b | <0.001* |
| Work first third (J) | 395.2 ± 209.42 | 413.5 ± 183.20 | 726.3 ± 198.04 a,b | <0.001* |
| Work last third (J) | 247.9 ± 104.07 | 282.2 ± 101.28 | 451.7 ± 125.19 a,b | <0.001* |
| Work fatigue (%) | 41.4 [12.2, 47.3] | 29.7 [20.6, 37.7] | 38.9 [29.6, 44.9] | 0.273 |
| Flexors | ||||
| Total work (J) | 649.0 ± 418.27 | 633.2 ± 395.18 | 1116.5 ± 405.50 a,b | <0.001* |
| Total work/LMDL (J/kg) | 94.9 ± 57.99 | 89.3 ± 53.08 | 148.8 ± 48.95 a,b | <0.001* |
| Work first third (J) | 248.9 ± 168.39 | 250.2 ± 178.55 | 453.9 ± 168.43 a,b | <0.001* |
| Work last third (J) | 174.5 ± 116.09 | 171.0 ± 94.19 | 281.5 ± 103.28 a,b | <0.001* |
| Work fatigue (%) | 27.7 [12.9, 41.2] | 28.1 [17.7, 43.1] | 37.2 [31.8, 44.2] | 0.090 |
| Posture maintenance test | ||||
| Hip flexors (sec) | 62.2 [20.7, 89.0] | 49.2 [28.7, 76.0] | 117.8 [87.9, 172.0] a,b | <0.001* |
| Wall sit (sec) | 31.0 [15.0, 65.8] | 30.6 [18.0, 65.0] | 78.5 [58.8, 114.4] a,b | <0.001* |
| 30 seconds chair rise test | ||||
| Number of stands | 12.9 ± 6.62 | 14.9 ± 5.45 | 19.0 ± 4.28 a,b | 0.001* |
| Number of stands/BW (kg) | 0.19 ± 0.119 | 0.21 ± 0.091 | 0.28 ± 0.104 a,b | 0.009* |
| UPPER LIMBS | ||||
| Hand grip strength (finger flexors) | ||||
| Endurance test (sec) | 26.9 [18.5, 42.9] | 27.0 [16.8, 50.0] | 41.5 [26.9, 54.1] | 0.083 |
| Posture maintenance test | ||||
| Shoulder abductors (sec) | 176.5 [92.0, 245.0] | 145.0 [100.6, 240.0] | 300.0 [194.5, 300.0] a,b | 0.001* |
Normally distributed variables are shown as mean ± standard deviation, non-normally distributed variables as median [quartile 1, quartile 3]; hEDS: hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome; HSD: hypermobility spectrum disorder; CTR: healthy controls; LMDL: lean mass dominant leg; BW: body weight; J: Joule; kg: kilogram; sec: seconds;
*
: p value ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test <0.05;
a
: significant difference between CTR and hEDS (post-hoc pairwise comparison test);
b
: significant difference between CTR and HSD (post-hoc pairwise comparison test).