Table 4.

Effects on the degree of COVID-19 severity (N = 2,366).

Structural model	Unstandardized coefficient
Outcome variables	COVID severity	Hospital bed utilization	ICU utilization	Death rate
	Direct effect	Total effect	Total effect	Total effect
Predictors
Socioeconomic characteristics
Black	0.031**	0.031**	0.035**	0.009**
Male	0.200**	0.200**	0.222**	0.060**
Median HH Income (Base = Middle & High) Low	−1.327***	−1.327***	−1.479***	−0.399***
Average commute time (Base = Medium) Low High	−5.459*** 7.125***	−5.459*** 7.125***	−6.081*** 7.937***	−1.640*** 2.141***
Location characteristics
Population density (in log)	1.935***	1.935***	2.155***	0.581***

Note: **, and *** indicate that coefficients are significant at 5% and 1% level of significance, respectively.