Table 2:
Macula, Fovea and Perifoveal optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) Vascular Biomarkers. OAG: open-angle glaucoma.
| Author (year) | Patients | OCTA Scan | Results | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Takusagawa et al. (2017) | 30 perimetric glaucoma 30 age-matched normal subjects |
6 × 6 mm macular | Superficial vascular complex and all-plexus retinal vessel density were lower in the glaucoma group than the normal group | P<0.001 for both |
| Kromer et al. (2019) | 30 OAG 21 healthy subjects |
5.0 × 3.5 mm Perifoveal |
Macular flow density was globally reduced in glaucoma patients in the superficial plexus | P=0.0203 |
| Macular flow density was nasally reduced in the superficial plexus | P=0.0003 | |||
| Macular flow density was globally reduced in the deep retinal plexus | P=0.0113 | |||
| Macular flow density was nasally reduced in the deep retinal plexus | P<0.0001 | |||
| Baek et al. (2019) | 20 OAG patients 19 healthy subjects |
Macula 4.5 × 4.5 mm | Significantly greater diurnal changes in OAG in peripapillary retinal vessel density compared to healthy controls | P=0.013 |
| Significantly greater diurnal changes in OAG in macular RVD compared to healthy controls | P=0.042 | |||
| Choi et al. (2017) | 52 patients with primary open angle glaucoma 52 healthy participants |
Macula 3 × 3 mm | Macular vessel density was lower in OAG patients compared to normal controls in the superficial layer | P=0.013 |
| Macula vessel density was lower in OAG in the deep layer | P<0.001 | |||
| Macula vessel density was lower in OAG in the whole retina | P=0.002 | |||
| Increased foveal avascular zone perimeter and decreased foveal avascular zone circularity index in glaucoma patients compared to control | P<0.001 | |||
| Shoji et al. (2017) | 38 healthy controls 30 glaucoma suspect 32 OAG |
3.0 × 3.0 mm Macula | Macula vessel density was greatest in healthy eyes, then glaucoma-suspect, and lowest in OAG | P<.01 |
| Rate of change in macula vessel density was significantly faster in OAG (-2.23%/y) compared to glaucoma suspect eyes (0.87%/y) | P=.001 | |||
| Rate of change in macula vessel density was significantly faster in OAG compared to healthy eyes (0.29%/y) | P=.004 | |||
| Rate of vessel density loss in the superior and inferior regions of the macula was significantly faster in glaucoma patients compared with healthy controls or glaucoma suspect eyes | P<.05 | |||
| Chao et al. (2019) | 18 OAG 14 NTG 18 OHT 20 normal subjects |
3.0 × 3.0 mm Macula | OAG and NTG had a significantly lower superficial vessel density compared to healthy controls | P<0.01 |
| NTG showed a significantly lower deep vessel density compared to healthy controls | P<0.01 | |||
| NTG group had a larger foveal avascular zone (FAZ) compared to the OHT group | P<0.01 | |||
| OAG group had lower flow area in the outer retina compared to the OHT group and control group | P<0.01 | |||
| Lommatzsch et. al. (2018) | 85 eyes with glaucoma 50 healthy controls |
6 × 6 mm macula | Macular vessel density was lower in superficial retinal vascular plexus | P<0.0001 |
| Macular vessel density was lower in deep retinal vascular plexus | P=0.009 | |||
| Lu et. al (2020) | 41 normal 44 pre-perimetric OAG (PPG) 42 early perimetric OAG (EG) |
6 × 6 mm macula 4.5 × 4.5 mm ONH Radial peripapillary density measured using 750 μm wide elliptical annulus around disc |
Parafoveal vessel density was lower in the temporal quadrant in PPG compared to normal controls | P<0.044 |
| Perifoveal vessel density was lower in the PPG group compared to normal controls | P<0.05 | |||
| Both parafoveal and perifoveal vessel density was lower in the EG group compared to normal controls | P<0.001 | |||
| Milani et. al (2020) | 35 healthy controls 41 ocular hypertension (HTN) 24 OAG |
3 × 3 mm Macula | Mean whole vessel density in the macular superficial capillary plexus was highest in normal controls, followed by HTN, followed by OAG––during the morning (51.337 vs. 50.781 vs. 45.726 respectively) | P<0.0001 |
| Mean whole vessel density in the macular superficial capillary plexus was highest in normal controls, followed by HTN, followed by OAG during the evening (51.504 vs. 50.812 vs. 46.069 respectively) | P<0.0001 | |||
| Mean parafoveal vessel density in the macular superficial capillary plexus was highest in normal controls, followed by HTN, followed by OAG during the morning (54.052 vs. 53.472 vs. 49.687 respectively) | P=0.0005 | |||
| Mean parafoveal vessel density in the macular superficial capillary plexus was highest in normal controls, followed by HTN, followed by OAG during the evening (54.037 vs. 53.300 vs. 50.154 respectively) | P=0.0022 |