Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios for initiation of any newer class of diabetes medication by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic factors.
| Unadjusted results | Model 1* | Model 2* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.019 | |||
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Black | 0.82 (0.73–0.92) | 0.73 (0.64–0.84) | 0.81 (0.70–0.94) | |||
| Hispanic | 0.77 (0.68–0.88) | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) | 0.88 (0.72–1.07) | |||
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 0.33 (0.25–0.44) | 0.53 (0.29–0.98) | 0.51 (0.26–0.99) | |||
| Other | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | 0.89 (0.68–1.17) | 0.93 (0.70–1.24) | |||
| Yearly family income | <0.001 | 0.008 | ||||
| > $80,000 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| $60,000–80,000 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.96 (0.83–1.10) | ||||
| $40,000–60,000 | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 0.86 (0.75–0.98) | ||||
| $20,000–40,000 | 0.73 (0.64–0.84) | 0.77 (0.65–0.90) | ||||
| <$20,000 | 0.61 (0.49–0.75) | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | ||||
| Missing | 0.76 (0.64–0.90) | 0.77 (0.64–0.93) | ||||
| Highest level of education | 0.960 | 0.48 | ||||
| Masters, doctorate or professional degree | Reference | Reference | ||||
| BA or some graduate school | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 0.96 (0.83–1.09) | ||||
| Vocational, some college, associate degree | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | ||||
| High school diploma or equivalent | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 0.86 (0.72–1.02) | ||||
| Less than high school | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | 0.85 (0.63–1.15) | ||||
| Employment status | 0.022 | 0.37 | ||||
| Working full, part time, or student | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Homemaker | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 1.11 (0.97–1.28) | ||||
| Unemployed | 0.84 (0.71–1.01) | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | ||||
| Missing | 0.81 (0.70–0.95) | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | ||||
| Type of health insurance | 0.003 | 0.32 | ||||
| Private insurance | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Government insurance | 0.84 (0.72–0.99) | 0.96 (0.79–1.15) | ||||
| Other insurance | 1.34 (0.99–1.82) | 1.05 (0.75–1.47) | ||||
| Uninsured | 0.76 (0.60–0.96) | 0.78 (0.59–1.03) | ||||
| Source of medical care | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Private doctor's office | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Hospital clinic or outpatient department | 0.67 (0.58–0.78) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.66–0.93) | |||
| Community health center | 0.65 (0.52–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.60–1.01) | |||
| Other | 0.56 (0.46–0.69) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.53–0.83) | |||
⁎
Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for race/ethnicity, socioeconomic factors, study site, intervention arm, age, gender, HbA1c, diabetes duration, diabetes treatment intensity, eGFR, BMI, and history of cardiovascular disease.