Table 1.

Overview of examples of protective behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Safeguarding guideline behaviours			Self-centred behaviours	Misguided behaviours
Hygiene	Distancing	Mask wearing	Hoarding	Pseudoscientific health practices
⁃Disinfecting hands ⁃Washing hands ⁃Not touching the face ⁃Covering mouth/nose when coughing/sneezing ⁃Cleaning/disinfecting home	⁃Avoiding social contacts ⁃Avoiding crowds ⁃Staying at home in quarantine ⁃Avoiding shaking hands with other people ⁃Avoiding any physical contact with other people ⁃Keeping a safe distance from others	⁃ Wearing protective face masks out of the house ⁃ Wearing an N-95 or higher (health grade) mask	⁃Stocking up on food, water, toilet paper and/or sanitary items ⁃Buying weapons for defence and security purposes ⁃Stocking up on petrol and oil ⁃Buying equipment for water storage and water purification	⁃ Using alternative remedies like homeopathy or essential oils ⁃ Consuming information from alternative sources online

Note. Examples adapted from Imhoff and Lamberty (2020) and van Mulukom, 2022.