Table 4.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% credible intervals (CI) based on multivariate binomial logit models of hesitancy to vaccination against COVID-19
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Block 1: Psychological characteristics | ||||||
| Fear of COVID-19 infection | ||||||
| Fear | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Neutral | 2.04 (1.89, 2.21) | <0.001 | 2.03 (1.87, 2.19) | <0.001 | 2.08 (1.92, 2.26) | <0.001 |
| Not fear | 1.78 (1.54, 2.06) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.51, 2.03) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.54, 2.08) | <0.001 |
| Being aware of the preventive rules of COVID-19 | ||||||
| Unrecognized | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Neutral | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) | 0.056 | 0.86 (0.73, 1.00) | 0.047 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.04) | 0.155 |
| Recognized | 0.79 (0.68, 0.91) | 0.001 | 0.79 (0.69, 0.92) | 0.002 | 0.84 (0.72, 0.97) | 0.020 |
| Trust in preventive measures of the government | ||||||
| Distrust | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Neutral | 1.03 (0.90, 1.19) | 0.675 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 0.594 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 0.606 |
| Trust | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | 0.354 | 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) | 0.386 | 0.98 (0.86, 1.13) | 0.795 |
| Block 2: Experiential characteristics | ||||||
| COVID-19 infection of oneself or acquaintances | 0.78 (0.65, 0.93) | 0.007 | 0.88 (0.73, 1.05) | 0.165 | ||
| Unmet needs for medical care besides COVID-19 (ref. No need) | ||||||
| Met | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | 0.090 | 0.95 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.484 | ||
| Unmet | 0.69 (0.57, 0.83) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.62, 0.91) | 0.004 | ||
| Changes of job (ref. No change) | ||||||
| Being unstable job status | 1.43 (1.20, 1.72) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.18, 1.70) | <0.001 | ||
| Unemployed or closing business | 1.27 (0.94, 1.71) | 0.126 | 1.20 (0.88, 1.63) | 0.246 | ||
| Decrease of monthly family income (ref. No change) | ||||||
| <0.5 M KRW (≒USD 450) | 1.47 (1.28, 1.69) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.21, 1.61) | <0.001 | ||
| ≥0.5 M KRW & <1 M KRW | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 0.574 | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | 0.442 | ||
| ≥1 M KRW (≒USD 900) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) | 0.385 | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | 0.558 | ||
| Changes in family relationships (ref. Better) | ||||||
| No change | 0.88 (0.79, 0.98) | 0.016 | 0.88 (0.79, 0.98) | 0.022 | ||
| Worsen | 1.03 (0.87, 1.21) | 0.705 | 1.05 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.587 | ||
| Changes in health status (ref. Better) | ||||||
| No change | 1.13 (1.02, 1.25) | 0.018 | 1.13 (1.02, 1.25) | 0.020 | ||
| Worsen | 1.45 (1.19, 1.76) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.13, 1.68) | 0.002 | ||
| Block 3: Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Gender (ref. Male) | ||||||
| Female | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.245 | ||||
| Age (ref. Young adults (20 ~ 39)) | 1 | |||||
| Middle-aged (40 ~ 59) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) | 0.540 | ||||
| Elderly (60+) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.93) | 0.002 | ||||
| Having a spouse (ref. No) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.97 (0.88, 1.06) | 0.486 | ||||
| Family income (ref. <3 M KRW (≒USD 2,700)) | 1 | |||||
| ≥3 M KRW & <5 M KRW | 0.90 (0.81, 0.99) | 0.030 | ||||
| ≥5 M KRW (≒USD 4,500) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.93) | 0.001 | ||||
| Education (ref. < High school) | 1 | |||||
| High school graduate | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) | 0.501 | ||||
| ≥College graduate | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) | 0.969 | ||||
| Job (ref. No job) | ||||||
| Have a job | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.242 | ||||
| Health status (ref. Good) | ||||||
| Bad | 1.15 (0.98, 1.35) | 0.092 | ||||
| Religion (ref. No religion) | ||||||
| Have a religion | 0.65 (0.60, 0.71) | <0.001 | ||||
| Political conservatism | 1.08 (1.05, 1.10) | <0.001 | ||||
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. Model 1 was adjusted for psychological characteristics. Model 2 includes experiential characteristics as covariates in Model 1. Model 3 includes socio-demographic characteristics as covariates in Model 2.