Table 1.
Different potential vaccines against COVID-19 (prepared after Milken Institute web page for corona monitoring for development on emerging vaccine candidates scheduled in 2020)
| Category of Probable Vaccine candidates | Descriptions | Phase of Development | Clinical Trials for COVID-19 Identifier ID | Used in other Diseases |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA-vaccines | DNA plasmid; INO-4800 | Started Phase 1 in April 2020; initial data expected June 2020; could enter Phase 2/3 trials as early as summer 2020 | NCT04336410 | Same platform as vaccine candidates for Lassa, Nipah, HIV, Filovirus, HPV, cancer indications, Zika, and Hepatitis B |
| DNA plasmid | Pre-clinical | |||
| DNA plasmid, needle-free delivery | Same platform as vaccine candidates for SARS | |||
| DNA | Same platform as vaccine candidates for cancer | |||
| Inactivated virus | Inactivated (inactivated + alum) | Phase 1/2 started April 2020 | NCT04352608 | Same platform as vaccine candidates for HAV, InfA, ZIKV, FMD, SIV, RSV, DENV |
| Inactivated virus | Phase 1 started in May 2020 | ChiCTR2000031809 | Same platform as vaccine candidates for MERS | |
| Inactivated (inactivated + CpG 1018) | Pre-clinical | |||
| Inactivated virus | Same platform as vaccine candidates for influenza | |||
| VLA2001, Inactivated | Same platform as vaccine candidates for Japanese Encephalitis | |||
| Live attenuated virus | Codon deoptimized live attenuated virus | Pre-clinical | Same platform as vaccine candidates for LASV, EBOV, MARV, HIV Animal data in summer 2020 | |
| Non-replicating viral vector | Non-replicating viral vector; MVA encoded VLP | Pre-clinical | Same platform as vaccine candidates for influenza, TB, Chikungunya, Zika, MenB, plague | |
| Non-replicating viral vector; Ad26 (alone or with MVA boost) | Same platform as vaccine candidates for many pathogens | |||
| Non-replicating viral vector; replication defective simian adenovirus (GRAd) encoding SARS-CoV-2 S | Same platform as vaccine candidates for influenza | |||
| Non-replicating viral vector; Ad5 | Same platform as vaccine candidates for MERS | |||
| Non-replicating viral vector; ChAdOx1 | Phase 1/2 began April 2020, data expected in May 2020; Phase 2/3 trials expected to start by the middle of 2020 | NCT04324606 | Same platform as vaccine candidates for InfA, CHIKV, LASV, NORV, EBOV, RVF, HBV, VEE | |
| Non-replicating viral vector; MVA-S encoded | Pre-clinical | Same platform as vaccine candidates for EBOV | ||
| AdCOVID; single-dose, intranasal vaccine; non-replicating viral vector; adenovirus-based NasoVAX expressing spike protein | Same platform as vaccine candidates for HPV | |||
| Non-replicating viral vector; Ad5 S (GREVAX™ platform) | ||||
| Oral Ad5 S | ||||
| Adenovirus-based + HLA-matched peptides (Pan-Corona) | ||||
| Non-replicating viral vector; Oral Vaccine platform | ||||
| Recombinant deactivated rabies virus containing S1 | ||||
| Non-replicating viral vector, MVA expressing structural proteins | Same platform as vaccine candidates for Influenza | |||
| Non-replicating viral vector; dendritic cell-based vaccine | ||||
| Non-replicating viral vector; parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5)-based vaccine expressing the spike protein | Same platform as vaccine candidates for MERS | |||
| Non-replicating viral vector; Adenovirus Type 5 vector (Ad5-nCoV) | Phase 2 started April 2020 | NCT04313127 ChiCTR2000030906ChiCTR2000031781 | Same platform as vaccine candidates for HIV, RSV, Influenza | |
| Protein subunit | Protein subunit, capsid-lide particle (CLP) | Pre-clinical | Phase 1 to begin by February 2021 | |
| Protein subunit, drosophila S2 insect cell expression system VLPs | ||||
| Protein subunit; S protein | ||||
| Protein subunit, S protein + adjuvant | ||||
| Protein subunit, VLP-recombinant protein + adjuvant | Same platform as vaccine candidates for HIV, SARS-CoV, Influenza | |||
| Protein subunit, native like trimeric subunit spike protein | Same platform as vaccine candidates for Inf H7N9 | |||
| Protein subunit; peptide | Same platform as vaccine candidates for MERS | |||
| Protein subunit; adjuvanted protein subunit (RBD) | Influenza, Ebola | |||
| Protein subunit; S protein | Same platform as vaccine candidates for HPV | |||
| Protein subunit; recombinant spike protein with Advax adjuvant | Same platform as vaccine candidates for Influenza, SARS-CoV (FDA approved vaccine) | |||
| Protein subunit; Ii-Key peptide | Same platform as vaccine candidates for RSV, CCHF, HPV, VZV, EBOV | |||
| Protein subunit; S protein | Same platform as vaccine candidates for cancer (NSCLC), HIV, malaria, Zika | |||
| PittCoVacc, Protein subunit, microneedle arrays S1 subunit | Same platform as vaccine candidates for Nipah, influenza, Ebola, Lassa | |||
| Protein subunit; S protein | Same platform as vaccine candidates for SARS | |||
| Protein subunit; COVID-19 XWG-03 truncated Spike proteins | ||||
| Protein subunit; S protein, baculovirus production | ||||
| Protein subunit; recombinant protein vaccine, utilizing baculovirus expression vector system technology | ||||
| NVX-CoV2373; Protein subunit; Full length S trimers/nanoparticle + Matrix M | ||||
| Protein subunit (gp-96 backbone) | Same platform as vaccine candidates for Ebola, Marburg, HIV, Zika, Influenza, HPV therapeutic vaccine, Breast Cancer | |||
| Protein subunit; peptide vaccine | Same platform as vaccine candidates for Ebola | |||
| Protein subunit; molecular clamp stabilized Spike protein | ||||
| Protein subunit; S1 or RBD protein | Same platform as vaccine candidates for cancer and infectious diseases, including malaria and anthrax | |||
| Protein subunit, recombinant protein, nanoparticles (based on S-protein and other epitopes) | ||||
| Protein subunit, adjuvanted microsphere peptide | Same platform as vaccine candidates for West nile, CHIKV, Ebola, Lassa, Zika, MERS Animal testing results expected in April 2020 | |||
| Protein subunit, peptide | Same platform as vaccine candidates for Zika, H7N9, CHIKV | |||
| Protein subunit, synthetic long peptide vaccine candidate for S and M proteins | Same platform as vaccine candidates for smallpox, monkeypox | |||
| Protein subunit; oral E. coli-based protein expression system of S and N proteins | Same platform as vaccine candidates for Ebola, Marburg, Lassa | |||
| Protein subunit, nanoparticle vaccine | ||||
| Protein subunit; spike based | ||||
| Protein subunit, recombinant S1-Fc fusion protein | ||||
| Protein subunit, recombinant protein | ||||
| Protein subunit, recombinant S protein in IC-BEVS | ||||
| Protein subunit; DPX-COVID-19, protein subunit, peptide antigens formulated in LNP | Start Phase 1 testing by summer 2020 | |||
| Protein subunit; plant virus nanotechnology formulated as injectable and microneedle patch | ||||
| Replicating viral vector | Replicating viral vector; YF17D Vector | Pre-clinical | ||
| Replicating viral vector; measles vector | Same platform as vaccine candidates for multiple candidates Start animal testing in April 2020 | |||
| Live attenuated virus, measles virus (S, N targets) | Same platform as vaccine candidates for multiple candidates | |||
| Replicating viral vector; horsepox vector; TNX-1800 | Same platform as vaccine candidates for EBOV, LASV, MARV, Inf (H7N9), RABV | |||
| Replicating viral vector, live viral vectored vaccine based on attenuated influenza virus backbone (intranasal) | Same platform as vaccine candidates for RABV, LASV, YFV, MERS, InfA, ZIKV, DengV, NIPV | |||
| Replicating viral vector, recombinant vaccine based on Influenza A virus, for the prevention of COVID-19 (intranasal) | Same platform as vaccine candidates for influenza | |||
| Replicating viral vector, replication-competent VSV chimeric virus technology (VSVdeltaG) delivering the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein | ||||
| Replicating viral vector, influenza vector expressing RBD | Same platform as vaccine candidates for cancer | |||
| M2-deficient single replication (M2SR) influenza vector | Same platform as vaccine candidates for influenza | |||
| RNA- vaccine | RNA; LNP-encapsulated mRNA cocktail encoding VLP | Pre-clinical | ||
| RNA; Replicating defective SARS-CoV-2 derived RNAs | Same platform as vaccine candidates for flu, rotavirus, norovirus, West Nile virus, and cancer | |||
| RNA; LNP-encapsulated mRNA | ||||
| RNA; several mRNA candidates | ||||
| RNA; LNP-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA 1273) | Phase 1 started March 2020, study ends June 2021; Phase 2 to start Q2 2020; Phase 3 to start fall 2020 | NCT04283461 | ||
| LUNAR-COV19; RNA; mRNA | Pre-clinical | |||
| RNA; saRNA | ||||
| RNA; mRNA | ||||
| RNA; mRNA; BNT162 | Phase 1/2 started April 2020 | EudraCT 2020-001038-36 | ||
| RNA; liposome-encapsulated mRNA | Pre-clinical | Animal studies begin in April 2020 | ||
| RNA; mRNA in an intranasal delivery system (cross-strain protective COV-2 mRNA) vaccine for high-risk populations | ||||
| RNA; ZIP-1642, vaccine consists of a combination of mRNA molecules, encoding multiple SARS-CoV-2 antigens | ||||
| Virus Like Particle | VLP; virus-like particle, based on RBD displayed on virus-like particle | Pre-clinical | ||
| VLP; plant-derived VLP | ||||
| VLP; ADDomerTM multiepitope display | ||||
| VLP (COVID-19 and SARS1) | ||||
| VLP; eVLP | Same platform as vaccine candidates for malaria | |||
| Enveloped virus-like particle (eVLP): Pan-coronavirus vaccine candidate, targeting COVID-19, SARS, and MERS, spike protein | Same platform as vaccine candidates for glioblastoma, cytomegalovirus, and Zika | |||
| Unknown | Self-assembling vaccine (fusion protein of a heat shock protein and Avidin, with biotinylated immunogenic peptides) | Pre-clinical | Animal study results by October 2020 | |
| LV-SMENP-DC Dendritic cells modified with lentiviral vector expressing synthetic minigene based on domains of selected viral proteins; administered with antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes | Phase 1/2 started March 2020 | NCT04276896 | ||
| Artificial antigen-presenting cells modified with lentiviral vector expressing synthetic minigene based on domains of selected viral proteins | Phase 1. Started February 2020 | NCT04299724 | ||
| ISR-50 | Pre-clinical | Animal study results expected in Q2 2020, Phase 1 begins Q4 2020 | ||
| Unknown | Phase 1 begins as early as September 2020 | |||
| Unknown | Phase 1 to start in summer 2020 | |||