Table 2.

Gene ontology biological processes associated (~1,000 CpG sites ranked by minimum p-value) with single CpG sites and individual trace metals, using the covariate model^a

Rank	GO ID	GO term	p-Value	q-Value
Cd
1	GO:0007156	homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules	1.0 × 10−7	0.002
2	GO:0050851	antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway	3.1 × 10−5	0.17
3	GO:0032226	positive regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	2.5 × 10−4	0.86
4	GO:0005509	calcium ion binding	3.0 × 10−4	0.86
5	GO:0002376	immune system process	1.2 × 10−3	>0.9
6	GO:0008142	oxysterol binding	1.4 × 10−3	>0.9
7	GO:0022410	circadian sleep/wake cycle process	1.6 × 10−3	>0.9
8	GO:2000107	negative regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process	1.7 × 10−3	>0.9
9	GO:0004571	mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase activity	2.5 × 10−3	>0.9
10	GO:0042053	regulation of dopamine metabolic process	2.5 × 10−3	>0.9
Mn
1	GO:0034641	cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process	1.4 × 10−6	0.002
2	GO:0022402	cell cycle process	1.5 × 10−5	0.02
3	GO:0090304	nucleic acid metabolic process	5.3 × 10−5	0.06
4	GO:0006139	nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process	5.7 × 10−5	0.06
5	GO:2001021	negative regulation of response to DNA damage stimulus	7.1 × 10−5	0.08
6	GO:0006725	cellular aromatic compound metabolic process	1.1 × 10−4	0.1
7	GO:0044237	cellular metabolic process	1.3 × 10−4	0.12
8	GO:1901360	organic cyclic compound metabolic process	1.5 × 10−4	0.12
9	GO:0046483	heterocycle metabolic process	1.5 × 10−4	0.12
10	GO:0048534	hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development	2.9 × 10−4	0.21
Pb
1	GO:0007156	homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules	6.2 × 10–17	1.4 × 10–12
2	GO:0007399	nervous system development	1.2 × 10−9	6.6 × 10−6
3	GO:0022610	biological adhesion	3.5 × 10−8	10.0× 10−5
4	GO:0032502	developmental process	9.6 × 10−8	2.4 × 10−4
5	GO:0005509	calcium ion binding	1.5 × 10−5	0.02
6	GO:0045165	cell fate commitment	5.6 × 10−5	0.07
7	GO:0051410	detoxification of nitrogen compound	1.6 × 10−4	0.2
8	GO:0032501	multicellular organismal process	1.8 × 10−4	0.2
9	GO:0001656	metanephros development	1.9 × 10−4	0.2
10	GO:0022010	central nervous system myelination	1.9 × 10−4	0.2
Se
1	GO:0034062	5'-3' RNA polymerase activity	1.1 × 10−4	>0.9
2	GO:0031957	very long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase activity	4.4 × 10−4	>0.9
3	GO:1905898	positive regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	5.2 × 10−4	>0.9
4	GO:1905214	regulation of RNA binding	6.5 × 10−4	>0.9
5	GO:0051276	chromosome organization	9.1 × 10−4	>0.9
6	GO:0001784	phosphotyrosine residue binding	1.2 × 10−3	>0.9
7	GO:0071340	skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering	1.3 × 10−3	>0.9
8	GO:0010836	negative regulation of protein ADP-ribosylation	1.8 × 10−3	>0.9
9	GO:0016233	telomere capping	2.1 × 10−3	>0.9
10	GO:0033044	regulation of chromosome organization	2.4 × 10−3	>0.9
Hg
1	GO:0009887	animal organ morphogenesis	2.2 × 10−7	0.005
2	GO:0035295	tube development	2.6 × 10−6	0.03
3	GO:0009888	tissue development	4.8 × 10−6	0.04
4	GO:0009952	anterior/posterior pattern specification	1.5 × 10−5	0.07
5	GO:0001502	cartilage condensation	2.8 × 10−5	0.09
6	GO:0098743	cell aggregation	3.2 × 10−5	0.09
7	GO:0007267	cell-cell signaling	3.7 × 10−5	0.09
8	GO:0060541	respiratory system development	4.4 ×10−5	0.09
9	GO:0003401	axis elongation	6.4 × 10−5	0.11
10	GO:0007389	pattern specification process	8.2 × 10−5	0.11

^aCovariate model adjusted for cell type principal components 1 and 2, maternal age, foetal sex, and hybridization date.