Figure 3. Outstanding questions for RNA-based cancer therapeutics.

Several questions remain as to how mRNA vaccines can be best applied for cancer treatment. These include questions related to optimal cell-specific targeting; balancing of antigen expression with immunogenicity of the mRNA construct; optimal cancer antigens to be targeted; route of injection; manufacturability and stability of the vaccine; minimizing of off-target effects; and optimization of combinatorial therapies to synergize with mRNA vaccines.