Table 2. Comparison of the cladistic characteristics between the mitochondrial and nuclear trees of East Asian Bufo.

The comparison between concatenated mtDNA and nuDNA trees demonstrated the discordances between the recovered clades of Bufo gargarizans distributed in East Asia and showed identical patterns of divergence in the septentrional East Asian Bufo sachalinensis clades. The number of clades in the description is matching the phylogenetic trees in Figure 4.

Distribution range	Clade	Description of cladistics
		Concatenated mtDNA (CR-ND2)	Concatenated nuDNA (POMC-RAG1-Rho)
Japanese Archipelago	Bufo japonicus formosus	Monophyletic (Clade 1)	Grouped together in a clade of Japanese Bufo
Japanese Archipelago	Bufo japonicus japonicus	Monophyletic (Clade 2)
Korean Peninsula	Bufo stejnegeri	Monophyletic (Clade 3)	B. stejnegeri were grouped with Korean B. gargarizans in a nested clade of southeastern mainland and septentrional East Asian B. gargarizans (Clade 3)
Northeastern Mainland Asia	Bufo gargarizans	Monophyletic (Clade)	Contained multiple clades of B. gargarizans restricted to the southeastern and northeastern Asian mainland
Eastern Mainland	Bufo gargarizans	Polyphyletic with a clade of B. bankorensis distributed in Taiwan Island(Clade 5)	Formed multiple clades across Eastern Asian Bufo lineages. A clade grouped with northeastern B. gargarizans. Another clade is polyphyletic with of B. bankorensis of Taiwan Island and B. gargarizans distributed in septentrional East Asia (Clade 3).
Taiwan Island	Bufo bankorensis
Central Mainland	Bufo gargarizans		Formed two distinctive clades: A clade that restricted to western Mainland (Clade 2). Belonged to monophyletic groups of southeastern, western, and northeastern Mainland B. gargarizans
Septentrional East Asia (Korean Peninsula)	Bufo sachalinensis cf. sachalinensis	Monophyletic (Clade 6)	Monophyletic (Clade 3)
Septentrional East Asia (Amur River Basin)	Bufo sachalinensis sachalinensis	Monophyletic (Clade 6)	Monophyletic (Clade 3)