Table 3. Molecular dating analyses for the East Asian Bufo.

This analysis is based on linked mtDNA genes (CR-ND2) and unlinked multiple nuclear protein-coding genes (POMC-RAG-1-Rho) under a relaxed molecular clock with different tree priors. The node numbers are matching the clades in the dated phylogenetic tree and hypothesized dispersal pathways in Figure 5.

Key events (node number)	mtDNA (CR-ND2)			nuDNA (POMC-RAG-1-Rho)
	Relaxed molecular clock			Strict molecular clock
	Yule prior (median [HPD 95%]/Mya)	Birth-death prior (median [HPD 95%]/Mya)	Mean(median [HPD 95%]/Mya)	Birth-death prior(median [HPD 95%]/Mya)
Root age of East Asian Bufo	10.47 [7.88‒13.40]	17.93 [11.81‒26.63]	14.20 [9.46‒20.02]	10.12 [6.60‒12.77]
Emergence of Japanese Bufo (A1)	7.75 [5.98‒9.52]	8.70 [6.97‒10.44]	8.23 [6.48‒9.98]	7.64 [4.99‒8.92]
Crown clade of B. j. formosus	3.71 [1.71‒5.92]	4.15 [2.38‒6.13]	3.93 [2.05‒6.03]	‒
Crown clade of B. j. japonicus	2.24 [0.72‒4.33]	1.58 [0.57‒2.84]	1.91 [0.65‒3.59]	‒
Crown clade of B. stejnegeri	3.32 [1.54‒5.24]	2.22 [0.72‒4.12]	2.77 [1.13‒4.68]	4.09 [1.46‒5.43]
MRCA of East Asian mainland Bufo (A2)	8.38 [6.13‒10.88]	14.25 [9.67‒19.44]	11.32 [7.90‒15.16]	‒
Crown clade of B. tibetanus ‒ B. andrewsi	5.21 [3.25‒7.45]	5.26 [3.01–7.66]	5.24 [3.13‒7.55]	‒
Stem node of B. gargarizans complex (A3)	6.85 [4.70‒9.32]	11.25 [7.28‒16.08]	9.04 [5.99‒12.70]	‒
Stem clade of Chinese mainland of B. gargarizans	5.19 [3.16‒6.72]	5.34 [3.45‒7.83]	5.27 [3.31‒7.28]	‒
Segregation between B. gargarizans inhabiting high (B. minshanicus) and low elevation (B. g. gargarizans)	4.70 [3.23‒6.53]	2.68 [1.82‒3.26]	3.69 [2.53‒4.90]	3.77 [2.39‒3.83]
Crown clade of B. andrewsi and B. gargarizans inhabiting high elevated range (B. minshanicus)	2.89 [2.18‒3.54]	2.55 [1.86‒3.28]	2.72 [2.02‒3.41]	2.79 [1.18‒3.10]
Crown clade of B. g. gargarizans in the southeastern Mainland	3.14 [1.92‒4.49]	2.56 [1.48‒3.86]	2.85 [1.70‒4.18]	3.05 [1.04‒3.45]
Nested clades of B. gargarizans popei and B. g. gargarizans in the Central, southeastern and northeastern Mainland	2.21 [1.37‒3.20]	1.28 [0.71‒1.95]	1.85 [1.04‒2.58]	3.65 [1.18‒5.28]
Crown clade of B. bankorensis	1.34 [0.74‒1.94]	1.28 [0.72‒1.84]	1.31 [0.73‒1.89]	1.80 [0.50‒1.80]
Stem clade of septentrional East Asian B. sachalinensis	1.95 [1.55‒2.34]	1.81 [1.38‒2.28]	1.88 [1.47‒2.31]	2.21 [0.93‒2.16]
Crown clade of Korean B. sachalinensis cf. sachalinensis	1.58 [1.18‒1.93]	1.22 [0.82‒1.61]	1.40 [1.00‒1.77]	‒
Crown clade of Russian B. sachalinensis sachalinensis	1.06 [0.62‒1.53]	0.46 [0.19‒0.79]	0.76 [0.41‒1.16]	‒