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. 2022 Feb 28;10:849921. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.849921

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Copyright © 2022 Fouda, Eid, Abdel-Rahman, EL-Belely, Awad, Hassan, AL-Faifi and Hamza.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed antimicrobial mechanisms of MgO-NPs. (A) is the adhesion of MgO-NPs with the cell wall and electron transport chains ultimately disrupting the selective permeability function, (B) is the entrance of MgO-NPs into the cell and reacting with DNA and plasmids lead to genotoxicity, (C) is reacting of MgO-NPs with proteins ultimately to denaturation, (D) is the production of toxic substances that enhance the ROS that leads to macromolecules disruption. And (E) is blocking and changing the active sites in enzymes because of reacting with MgO-NPs.