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. 2022 Mar 7;2022:1747326. doi: 10.1155/2022/1747326

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic review of the tumor-promoting signaling pathways linking hyperinsulinemia and CRC. IGF-1R is comprised of extracellular α-chains, transmembrane β-chains and intracellular tyrosine kinase (IRS-1). Both IGF-1 and insulin are ligands for IGF-1R, and their binding induces autophosphorylation and conformational change of cytoplasmic tyrosine domain, resulting in stimulation of signaling cascades, mainly including PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways which are closely correlated with protein synthesis, survival, and proliferation. IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate-1; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; SOS: son of sevenless; FOXO: Forkhead; BAD: proapoptotic member of the Bcl-family; GS3Kβ: glycogen synthase kinase.