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Effects of hyperinsulinemia and IGF axis on colorectal carcinogenesis. GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase.
