Table 1. Summary of the neonatal cases of Streptococcus gallolyticus reported in literature .
| Reference | Number of pts reported | Birthweight (kg) | GA (wk) | Delivery type | Age of presentation | Organism | Clinical symptoms | Sites organism isolated from | Diagnosis | Final antibiotic therapy course | Final disposition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gavin et al (2003) 21 | 1 | 3.925 | Term | Vaginal | 3 d | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Fever, seizures | Blood + CSF | Bacteremia, meningitis | Penicillin G × 14 d | Survived |
| Onoyama et al (2009) 7 | 1 | 3.19 | Term | Vaginal | 4 d | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Fever, decreased activity | Blood + CSF | Bacteremia, meningitis | Cefotaxime × 14 d | Survived |
| Khan (2009) 8 | 1 | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | 3 d | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Apnea, lethargy | Blood + CSF | Bacteremia, meningitis | Penicillin and gentamicin × 14 d | Survived |
| Floret et al (2010) 9 | 5 a | Not reported | Preterm | Not reported | 13–56 d | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Gastrointestinal symptoms in all pts including abdominal distension and diarrhea | Blood | Bacteremia | Cefotaxime × 10 d | Survived |
| Klatte et al. (2012) 10 | 4 | Not reported | Term | Vaginal | 2–13 d | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Pt 1: congestion, respiratory distress, increased sleepiness Pt 2: fever, seizures Pt 3: lethargy, seizures Pt 4: fever, congestion, lethargy |
CSF in all pts Blood in pts 2–4 |
Meningitis: all pts Bacteremia: pts 2–4 |
Pts 1 and4: Cefotaxime × 14–16 d Pts 2 and 3: ampicillin 14–16 d |
Survived |
| Nagamatsu et al (2012) 11 | 1 | 3.092 | 40 | Vaginal | 8 d | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Seizures, fever, inconsolability, decreased oral intake | CSF | Meningitis | Ampicillin, panipenem/betamipron × 20 d | Survived |
| Thatrimontrichai et al (2012) 12 | 1 | 3.188 | 39 | Vaginal | 3 d | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Fever, lethargy, poor oral intake, bulging fontanelle | CSF | Meningitis | Cefotaxime × 14 d | Survived |
| Hede et al (2015) 13 | 2 (twins) | Pt 1: 2.12 Pt 2: 1.47 |
32 | C-section | 3 wk | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Pt 1: lethargy, irritability, respiratory distress, poor feeding, loose stools, seizures Pt 2: respiratory distress |
Pt 1: blood + CSF Pt 2: blood |
Meningitis in both pts Sepsis in pt 1 Bacteremia in pt 2 |
Ampicillin × 10–20 d | Both pts survived, but pt 1 was reported to have long-term neurologic deficits |
| Kennedy et al (2015) 14 | 1 | 3.05 | 37 | Vaginal | 4 d | SG subsp. gallolyticus | Fever, lethargy, irritability. | Blood + CSF | Bacteremia and meningitis | Ampicillin × 14 d | Survived |
| Park et al (2015) 15 | 1 | 3.6 | 38 | Vaginal | 28 d | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Fever, lethargy | CSF + blood + urine | Meningitis, UTI, bacteremia | Ampicillin + cefotaxime × 21 d | Survived, but rehospitalized 2 wk later due to fever and seizures, requiring 31 additional d of ampicillin |
| Saegeman et al (2016) 16 | 1 | Not reported | 30 | Not reported | 7 d | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Sepsis | Blood | Sepsis | Penicillin, duration unknown | Survived |
| Yamamura et al (2018) 17 | 1 | 3.68 | Term | Vaginal | 27 d | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Fever, lethargy, irritability, cold extremities | Blood + CSF | Sepsis, meningitis | Ampicillin × 22 d | Survived |
| Nguyen et al (2019) 18 | 2 | 3.25–4.19 | 39–40 | Vaginal | < 24 h | SG subsp. Pasteurianus | Pt 1: respiratory distress Pt 2: respiratory distress, sepsis |
Blood | Pt 1: sepsis, infective endocarditis, meningitis Pt 2: sepsis |
Pt 1: cefepime × 28 d, gentamicin × 14 d Pt 2: cefepime and clindamycin × 14 d |
Survived |
| Chen et al (2021) 19 | 3 (pt 2 and 3 were twins) | 1.86–2.58 | Pt 1: 35 Pts 2 and 3: 37 |
Pt 1: C-section Pts 2 and 3: not reported |
2–5 d | SG subsp. Pasteurianus | Pt 1: apnea, desaturation Pts 2 and 3: fever, tachypnea, desaturation |
Pt 1: blood Pt 2: blood + CSF Pt 3: blood |
Sepsis, meningitis | Ampicillin + cefotaxime × 14 d | Survived |
| Geetha et al (2021) 2 | 1 | 3.77 | 36 | Vaginal | < 24 h | SG subsp. pasteurianus | Respiratory distress, sepsis | Blood | Liver abscess, sepsis | Cefotaxime × 5 wk, coamoxiclav for 3 wk | Survived |
| Sim et al (2021) 20 | 4 | 1.81–3.37 | Pts 1–3: term; Pt 4: 34 |
Pts 1–3: vaginal Pt 4: C-section |
1–23 d | SG | Pts 1 and 2: respiratory distress Pts 2–4: fever Pts 3 and 4: lethargy/poor feeding |
Pts 1–4: blood Pts 1 and 2: CSF |
Sepsis: all pts Meningitis: pts 1 and 2 |
Ampicillin, clindamycin, or vancomycin × 7–14 d | Survived |
| This case | 1 | 0.95 | 26 | Vaginal | < 24 h | SG | Respiratory distress, sepsis | Blood | Sepsis | n/a | Died at 5 h |
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; GA, gestational age; GBS, group B Streptococcus ; pt, patient; S., Streptococcus ; SG, Streptococcus gallolyticus ; subsp., subspecies; UTI, urinary tract infection.
a
Exact number of neonates (≤ 28 days) unknown.