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. 2022 Mar 1;10:842898. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.842898

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Copyright © 2022 Dong, Liu, Xu and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The EV-associated mechanisms in TNBC progression and their potential applications in diagnosis and treatment. EVs evoke numerous pathways that are intensively associated with growth, invasion, and metastasis, during their bidirectional interactions with multiple cell types in tumor environment. The horizontal transfer of EV cargoes, represented by protein, miRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, are depicted as important orchestrators in shaping the TNBC progression. Besides, EVs are as promising biomarkers for TNBC state, prognosis, and therapeutic effect evaluation. Due to their stable carrier properties, EVs are promising engineered nano-carriers for encapsulating biological compounds for TNBC therapy. ANXA6, annexin A6; BC, breast cancer; CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts; CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T cell; CBD, cannabidiol; DOX, doxorubicin; EC, endothelial cell; EV, extracellular vesicle; ITGB4, integrin β4; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; M2/M1, alternative anti-inflammatory activation (M2), pro-inflammatory activation (M1) and; Mø, macrophage; MSC, mesenchymal stromal cells; NAC, neoadjuvant chemotherapy; pCR, pathological complete response; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer.