Figure 3.

Research progress of CRISPR/Cas9 in different cancer species. CRISPR/Cas9 has been tested at the cellular level, in animals, and even in humans in a variety of cancers, including leukaemia, multiple myeloma, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma. CRISPR/Cas9 enhances antitumor immunity by directly editing PD-1/PD-L1 or by knocking out other molecules in coordination with immune checkpoint blockade. Some novel molecules have been proposed as biomarkers for screening people susceptible to anti-PD-1 therapy.