Table 2.
Cognitive performance in schoolchildren 90 min after eating lunch with medium and high GI rice
| mGI | hGI | Treatment difference (mGI–hGI) |
p | pd | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switch (n 179) | |||||
| Switch costs [s]b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 167 (4.32) | 170 (4.32) | − 2.18 (5.52) | 0.693c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 159, 176 | 161, 178 | − 13.1, 8.71 | ||
| Visual search letters [s]a,b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 10.5 (0.02) | 10.5 (0.02) | − 0.004 (0.02) | 0.859c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 10.4, 10.5 | 10.4, 10.5 | − 0.04, 0.04 | ||
| Visual search numbers [s]b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 10.9 (0.02) | 10.9 (0.02) | − 0.02 (0.02) | 0.218 | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 10.9, 10.9 | 10.9, 11.0 | − 0.05, 0.01 | ||
| 2-back (n 210) | |||||
| RT [ms] | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 463 (9.45) | 470 (9.45) | − 6.65 (8.41) | 0.430 | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 444, 482 | 451, 488 | − 23.2, 9.93 | ||
| Ratio of missings (%)b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 5.06 (0.14) | 5.32 (0.14) | − 0.26 (0.13) | 0.047c | 0.470 |
| 95% CI | 4.79, 5.33 | 5.05, 5.59 | − 0.51, − 0.003 | ||
| Ratio of false alarms (%)b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 4.38 (0.19) | 4.29 (0.19) | 0.09 (0.11) | 0.388c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 4.01, 4.75 | 3.92, 4.66 | − 0.12, 0.30 | ||
| Alertness (n 211) | |||||
| Mean RT [ms]b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 5.67 (0.02) | 5.66 (0.02) | 0.002 (0.02) | 0.886c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 5.63, 5.70 | 5.63, 5.70 | − 0.03, 0.03 | ||
| Deviation of RT [ms]b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 4.95 (0.04) | 4.98 (0.04) | − 0.03 (0.05) | 0.557c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 4.86, 5.03 | 4.89, 5.06 | − 0.12, 0.07 | ||
| Count of omission errors (n)b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 0.81 (0.02) | 0.79 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.365c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 0.77, 0.84 | 0.75, 0.83 | − 0.02, 0.06 | ||
| Count of commission errors (n)b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 1.55 (0.06) | 1.51 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.540 | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 1.43, 1.67 | 1.39, 1.63 | − 0.08, 0.14 | ||
CI confidence interval, GI glycemic index, hGI high GI, mGI medium GI, RT reaction time, SE standard error of mean
aFirst 12 reactions; Switch costs = (mean RT switch task)-(mean RT number task)-(mean RT 12 reactions of letter task–mean RT first 12 reactions number task)
bTransformed with logarithm, square, root, or reciprocal transformation
cPeriod effects detected; analyzed with linear mixed model with fixed effects: GI, sequence, period and random effect: subjects; cognition parameters displayed as predicted values
dp values Bonferroni–Holm corrected