Table 3.
GI effects adjusted for estimated GL on cognitive parameters
| mGI | hGI | Treatment difference (mGI–hGI) |
p | pd | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switch (n 179) | |||||
| Switch costs [s]b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 167 (4.41) | 170 (4.41) | – 2.67 (5.77) | 0.644c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 158, 176 | 161, 178 | – 14.0, 8.71 | ||
| Visual search letters [s]a,b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 10.5 (0.02) | 10.5 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.983c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 10.4, 10.5 | 10.4, 10.5 | – 0.04, 0.04 | ||
| Visual search numbers [s]b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 10.9 (0.02) | 10.9 (0.02) | – 0.01 (0.02) | 0.425 | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 10.9, 11.0 | 10.9, 11.0 | – 0.05, 0.02 | ||
| 2-back (n 210) | |||||
| RT [ms] | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 461 (9.62) | 471 (9.62) | – 9.88 (9.07) | 0.277 | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 442, 480 | 452, 490 | – 27.7, 8.00 | ||
| Ratio of missings (%)b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 5.09 (0.14) | 5.29 (0.14) | – 0.21 (0.14) | 0.145c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 4.81, 5.37 | 5.02, 5.57 | – 0.48, 0.71 | ||
| Ratio of false alarms (%)b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 4.41 (0.19) | 4.27 (0.19) | 0.14 (0.12) | 0.234c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 4.03, 4.78 | 3.89, 4.64 | – 0.09, 0.37 | ||
| Alertness (n 211) | |||||
| Mean RT [ms]b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 5.67 (0.02) | 5.66 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.458c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 5.64, 5.71 | 5.62, 5.70 | – 0.02, 0.05 | ||
| Deviation of RT [ms]b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 4.96 (0.04) | 4.96 (0.04) | 0.002 (0.05) | 0.971c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 4.88, 5.05 | 4.88, 5.05 | – 0.10, 0.10 | ||
| Count of omission errors (n)b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 0.80 (0.02) | 0.79 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.587c | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 0.76, 0.84 | 0.75, 0.83 | – 0.03, 0.06 | ||
| Count of commission errors (n)b | |||||
| Mean (SE) | 1.55 (0.06) | 1.51 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.416 | 1.0 |
| 95% CI | 1.43, 1.68 | 1.38, 1.63 | – 0.07, 0.17 | ||
CI confidence interval, GI glycemic index, hGI high GI, mGI medium GI, GL glycemic load, RT reaction time, SE standard error of mean
aFirst 12 reactions; Switch costs = (mean RT switch task)-(mean RT number task)-(mean RT 12 reactions of letter task–mean RT first 12 reactions number task)
bTransformed with logarithm, square, root, or reciprocal transformation
cPeriod effects detected; analyzed with linear mixed model with fixed effects: GI, GL, sequence, period and random effect: subjects; cognition parameters displayed as predicted values
dp values Bonferroni–Holm corrected