Table 4.
The assessment of inadequacy of micronutrient intakes separate for users and non-users of fortified fats
| Micronutrient | Age (year) | Gender | AI | EAR | Non-users | Users | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evaluation risk inadequate intake for each age (in years) | % < EAR | Evaluation risk inadequate intake | % < EARa | |||||
|
Vitamin A (µg RAE) |
1–17 | Boys |
300/350/400/ 600b |
600c |
1–9: LR 10–13: NSP |
55.7 (48.5–59.7) |
1–9, 12–13: LR 10–11: NSP |
40.9 (35.1–46.5) |
| Girls | 500c |
1–9: LR 10–13: NSP |
48.4 (42.2–56.7) |
1–9: LR 10–13: NSP |
50.1 (44.5–55.1) | |||
| 18–79 | Men | – | 615 | – | 31.9 (27.0–36.6) | – | 26.8 (22.9–30.6) | |
| Women | 525 | – | 25.5 (18.4–34.4) | – | 34.4 (30.9–38.6) | |||
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1–17 | Boys | 0.3/0.5/0.8/1.1 | – |
1–13: LR 14–17: NSP |
– |
1–13, 15–17: LR 14: NSP |
– |
| Girls |
1–13: LR 14–17: NSP |
– |
1–13: LR 14–17: NSP |
– | ||||
| 18–79 | Men | – | 0.072 | – | 1.2 (1.2–1.2) | – | 1.3 (1.3–1.4) | |
| Women | – | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) | – | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | ||||
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1–17 | Boys | 0.5/0.7/1/1.5 | – |
1–13: LR 14–17: NSP |
– | LR | – |
| Girls | 0.5/0.7/1/1.1 |
1–8, 10–11, 13: LR 9, 12, 14–17: NSP |
– | LR | – | |||
| 18–79 | Men | – | 1.3 | – | 33.4 (30.0–38.8) | – | 10.6 (6.9–13.9) | |
| Women | – | 64.3 (61.1–67.5) | – | 40.0 (34.8–45.2) | ||||
| Vitamin B3 (mg) | 1–17 | Boys | 4/7/11/17 | – |
1–13, 17: LR 14–16: NSP |
– |
1–13, 15– 17: LR 14: NSP |
– |
| Girls | 4/7/11/13 |
1–8, 12–13: LR 9–11, 14–17: NSP |
– |
1–13, 15–17: LR 14: NSP |
– | |||
| 18–79 | Men | – | 1.3 | – | 0 (0–0) | – | 0 (0–0) | |
| Women | – | 0 (0–0) | – | 0 (0–0) | ||||
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1–17 | Boys | 0.4/0.7/1.1/1.5 | – |
1–13: LR 14–17: NSP |
– | LR | – |
| Girls |
1–8: LR 9–17: NSP |
– |
1–13: LR 14–17: NSP |
– | ||||
| 18–79 | Men | – | 1.1 | – | 11.6 (7.3–17.8) | – | 5.8 (5.1–8.6) | |
| Women | – | 26.2 (21.1–35.1) | – | 20.3 (16.9–24.1) | ||||
| Folate equivalents (µg) | 1–17 | Boys | 85/150/225/300 | – |
1–3, 6–8: LR 4–5, 9–17: NSP |
– |
1–13: LR 14–17: NSP |
– |
| Girls |
1–3, 6–8: LR 4–5, 9–17: NSP |
– |
1–8: LR 9–17: NSP |
– | ||||
| 18–79 | Men | – | 200 | – | 17 (14.3–19.8) | – | 0.5 (0.0–1.2) | |
| Women | – | 40.5 (37.2–44.6) | – | 7.3 (3.6–13.1) | ||||
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 1–17 | Boys | 0.7/1.3/2/2.8 | – | LR | – | LR | – |
| Girls |
1–13, 16–17: LR 14–15: NSP |
– | LR | – | ||||
| 18–79 | Men | – | 2 | – | 1.6 (0.9–2.5) | – | 1.6 (0.3–4.0) | |
| Women | – | 6.4 (4.8–8.6) | – | 4.3 (2.1–6.5) | ||||
| Vitamin C (mg) | 1–17 | Boys | 25/30/40/50b | 60c | LR | 39.2 (35.2–46.2) | LR | 8.0 (5.1–10.7) |
| Girls | 50c | LR | 29.9 (26.6–35.2) | LR | 6.5 (3.5–8.8) | |||
| 18–79 | Men | – | 60 | – | 23.8 (21.7–28.8) | – | 6.1 (3.8–8.4) | |
| Women | 50 | – | 20.2 (17.2–23.6) | – | 3.0 (1.6–4.6) | |||
| Vitamin D (µg) | 1–17 | Boys | 10/3d | – |
NSP/ 1: LR 2–17: NSP5 |
– |
NSP/ LR5 |
– |
| Girls |
NSP/ NSP5 |
– |
NSP/ NSP5 |
– | ||||
| 18–79 | Men | 10/3d | 10 |
NSP/ 26–69:LR 18–25: NSP5 |
99.4 (98.5–99.9) |
NSP/ LR5 |
98.6 (96–100.5) | |
| Women |
NSP/ NSP5 |
100 (99.9–100.0) |
NSP/ 18, 26–27, 31–69: LR 19–25, 28–30: NSP5 |
99.2 (96.4–100.2) | ||||
| Vitamin E (mg) | 1–17 | Boys | 4/5/6/8b | 6c | LR | 5.5 (2.5–8.4) | LR | 0.6 (0.6–1.1) |
| Girls | 4/5/6/7b | 5c | LR | 6 (3.0–8.0) | LR | 1.3 (1.3–2.1) | ||
| 18–79 | Men | 13 | – |
25–58: LR 18–24, 59–79: NSP |
– |
18–72, 74: LR 73, 75–79: NSP |
– | |
| Women | 11 | NSP | – |
37, 39–41, 43–45, 47–48, 50–51, 54–78: LR 18–36, 38, 42, 46, 49, 52–53, 79: NSP |
– | |||
| Iron (mg) | 1–17 | Boys | 8/9/11b | 7c | NSP | 12.5 (9.3–15.2) |
4–9: LR 1–3, 10–13: NSP |
2.9 (0.0–5.2) |
| Girls | 10c | NSP | 89.4 (86.6–92.0) |
5: LR 1–4, 6–13: NSP |
71.0 (65.6–77.9) | |||
| 18–79 | Men | – | 6 | – | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) | – | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | |
| Women | 7/6 | – | 9.4 (9.3–13.3) | – | 7.2 (2.9–11.2) | |||
| Calcium (mg) | 1–17 | Boys | 500/700/1200 | – |
1–8: LR 9–17: NSP |
– |
1–8: LR 9–17: NSP |
|
| Girls | 500/700/1100 |
1–3: LR 4–17: NSP |
– |
1–3, 5–8: LR 4, 9–17: NSP |
||||
| 18–79 | Men | 1200e |
860/ 750f |
NSP |
18–24: 41.0 (40.2–45.3) 25–69: 17.9 (18.1–23.3)g |
NSP |
18–24: 27.1 (29.3–37.0)h 25–69: 11.0 (10.1–16.0) |
|
| Women | 1100/1200e | NSP |
18–24: 64.4 (61.2–67.6) 25–49: 32.4 (29.6–42.9) |
NSP |
18–24: 48.7 (44.2–56.1) 25–49: 22.0 (16.1–28.0) |
|||
LR low risk, NSP no statement possible
aStatistical significant lower proportion of users below the EAR compared to non-users is indicated when valued are displayed bold
bThe AI accounts only for children 1–13 years old
cThe EAR for children accounts only for children 14–17 years old
dTwo AI-values for vitamin D, where 3 µg/day indicates adequate vitamin D intake with enough sun exposure and 10 µg/day if this amount of sun exposure is not met
eAI for men 70–79 and women 50–79 years old
fEAR = 860 for adults aged 18–24 year. EAR = 750 for women 25–50 year old and men 25–70 year old
gEstimation falls outside of 95%CI due to extreme values (n=5; 0.5% of all observations within this subgroup)
hEstimation falls outside of 95%CI due to an extreme value (n=1; 1.5% of all observations within this subgroup)