Table 2.
Summary of cited liposome models, the lipid source, the lipid species utilised, and their corresponding research outcomes
| Model type | Reference | Lipid source | Lipid species | Research outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GUV | Behuria et al. 2020) | E. coli polar lipid extract (DH5α) | PE, PG, CL | Development of a facile, inexpensive, and reproducible method for producing bacterial GUVs |
| Furusato et al. 2018) | Purchased synthesised lipids | POPC, POPG, Rhod-DOPE | Formation of membrane-associated proteins using a cell-free protein synthesis system inside GUVs | |
| Jiménez et al. 2011) | E. coli lipid extract (JM600) | Unspecified lipid content from the extracts | Incorporation of soluble proto-ring proteins into GUVs for probing of divisome component interactions | |
| Kubiak et al. 2011) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extracts, E. coli (O55:B5) LPS extracts, E. coli (EH-100) LPS extracts, E. coli (J5) LPS extracts, E. coli (F583) LPS, and lipid A extracts and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PE, PG, CL, S-LPS, FITC-LPS, Ra-LPS, Rc-LPS, Rd-LPS, MPLA Synthesised: Rhod-DHPE |
Development of novel protocol for formation of GUVs composed of LPS species and E. coli extracts | |
| Mohanan et al. 2020) | E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extracts and purchased synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PE, PG, CL Synthesised: DOPG, Lysyl-PG, TOCL |
Development of GUV-based GN and GP bacterial membrane vesicles | |
| Saliba et al. 2014) | Purchased porcine brain extract, S. cerevisiae (yeast) extract, P. cirerri (yeast) extract, and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PIP, SL (PHS including phosphate forms and phytocer) Synthesised: DAG, POPC, TOCL, DOPS, DOPG, POPE, DOPA, DOPI (including phosphate forms), SL (dihydrocer, cer (including phosphate and fluorescent forms), SO (including phosphate and florescent forms), DHS (including phosphate and fluorescent forms)), PEG350-PE, PEG2000-PE, ATTO647N-DMPE, NBD-PG, bodipy FL-PE Unknown source: ES |
Systematic characterisation of protein-lipid interactions using a microarray of liposomes | |
| Turner et al. 2015) | Purchased synthesised lipids | DOPE, DOPG, TOCL, Lysyl-PG | Analysis of C. botulinum toxin type A using culture and liposomal methods to assess loss of sterility | |
| Paulowski et al. 2020) | LPS extracts from P. mirabilis (R45). Purchased E. coli lipid extracts and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PE, PG, R-LPS Synthesised: CL, Rhod-DHPE, NBD-PE, FITC-PE |
Demonstrate experimental methods to model the asymmetry of GN bacteria. The model’s usability was assessed for lipid domain analysis and peptide and protein interaction by characterising lipid flip-flop and phase behaviour | |
| LUV | Sikder et al. 2019) | Purchased synthesised lipids | DPPC, DPPG, DPPE | Programmable supramolecular assembly of π-amphiphile(s) for determination of interactions with bacteria and membrane mimicking liposomes |
| Som and Tew 2008) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) total lipid extracts and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PE, PG, CL, unspecified lipid content, Egg-Lyso-PC Synthesised: DOPE, DOPC, DOPG, DOPS |
Use of a variety of lipid and lipid extract combinations to show that lipid structure and type could be more important than headgroup charge for determining membrane selectivity towards multiple antimicrobial oligomers | |
| Samuel and Gillmor 2016) | Purchased synthesised lipids | DOPG, DOPC, DPPC, DPPG | Examination of kinetics, behaviours and potential mechanisms of the NA-CATH peptide using SUVs | |
| Sborgi et al. 2016) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extract, porcine brain total lipid extract and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PG, PE, CL, PA, PS, PI, PC, unspecified lipid content Synthesised: DMPC |
Determination that gasdermin D is the direct and final executor of pyroptotic cell death using liposome-inserted gasdermin D | |
| Carrasco-López et al. 2011) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) lipid extract (unspecified) | Polar (PE, PG, CL) or total (PE, PG, CL, unspecified lipid content) | Investigate the activation mechanism of AmpD peptidoglycan amidase to represent the regulatory processes that occur for other intracellular members of the amidase_2 family | |
| Sasaki et al. 2019) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extract and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PG, PE, CL Synthesised: DAG |
Determination that YidC accelerates MPIase-dependent membrane protein integration | |
| Cheng et al. 2014) | Purchased synthesised lipids | POPC, POPG, POPE | Mechanistic contributions of membrane depolarisation in S. aureus towards the bactericidal activity of ramoplanin | |
| Lombardi et al. 2017) | Purchased bovine heart CL extract and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: CL Synthesised: DOPE, DOPG, DPPE, DPPG, NBD-PE, Rhod-PE, 5-SLPC, 14-SLPC |
Perturbation of lipid membranes by myxinidin mutant WMR due to anionic lipid segregation | |
| Zhang et al. 2014) | Purchased synthesised lipids | DMPC, DMPG, TOCL | Using cardiolipin in liposomes to show that changes in membrane lipid composition can allow bacteria to become resistant to daptomycin | |
| Domenech et al. 2009) | Purchased bovine heart CL extracts and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: CL Synthesised: POPC, DPPG, POPG, POPE |
Investigate the effect of vancomycin and oritavancin on the permeability and organisation of phospholipids in bacterial membrane models | |
| Fernandez et al. 2011) | Purchased synthesised lipids | DMPC, DMPG, d-DPMC, d-DMPG | Investigate the drug-membrane interactions between the synthetic antimicrobial peptide P5 and bacterial and human membrane models using solid-state NMR and circular dichroism | |
| Marín-Menéndez et al. 2017) | Purchased synthesised lipids | POPC, PG, CL | Develop bacterial model membranes to investigate the drug-membrane interactions and delivery mechanism of oligonucleotide therapeutics | |
| Lopes et al. 2012) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) total lipid extracts | PE, PG, CL, unspecified lipid content | Generate model membranes that represent Y. kristensenii and P. mirabilis to determine differences in lipid phase transitions with variations in lipid composition ratios | |
| Jamasbi et al. 2014) | Purchased synthesised lipids | POPE, POPG | Investigate and compare the cytosolic and antimicrobial mechanism of action of the lytic peptide, melittin, between prokaryotic and eukaryotic model membranes | |
| Tuerkova et al. 2020) | Purchased synthesised lipids | POPC, POPG | Investigate the mechanism of action regarding pore formation induced by kinked helical antimicrobial peptides via fluorescence leakage assays | |
| SUV | Kiss et al. 2021) | Purchased E. coli (EH100) LPS extracts and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: Ra-LPS Synthesised: DMPC |
Facile development of synthetic bacterial membrane models through the step-by-step construction of SUVs |
| Brian Chia et al. 2011) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) total lipid extract, bovine brain total lipid extract, and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PG, PE, CL, unspecified lipid content Synthesised: DMPC, DMPG |
Investigation of peptide selectivity using vesicles to show that natural lipid extracts compare better to MIC values than synthetic lipids | |
| Bharatiya et al. 2021) | Purchased B. subtilis LTA extracts and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: LTA Synthesised: DPPG, DPPE, TMCL |
Investigate how different compositional variations of LTA alter the structural integrity and stability in model GP membranes | |
| Bogdanov et al. 2020) | Lipid extracts from E.coli strains W3110, W3899, EH150, UE54, BKT12, AL95, AT2033, and Y. pseudotuberculosis (O:1b IP32953). Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extracts and purchased plus in-house synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PE, PG, CL, PS, Lyso-PE, N-acyl-PE, PA, CDP-DAG Synthesised: DPPE, DPPS, TNP-PE, DNP-PE, TNP-LPE, TNP-LPS, TNP-PS, DFDNP-LPE, DFDNP-LPS, DFDNP-PE, DFDNP-PS |
To determine how phospholipids are distributed in the IM of GN bacteria and how different phospholipid species influences the distribution and regulation of phospholipid species across the leaflets. The phospholipid asymmetry is discussed in the context of bacterial growth, phospholipid synthesis and translocation, and adjustments in the physical and chemical properties of the membrane | |
| Cheng et al. 2011) | Purchased bovine heart CL extract and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: CL Synthesised: POPG, POPC, POPE |
Investigate how the lipid composition in GP and GN bacterial models influence the drug-membrane interactions between various cationic antimicrobial peptides | |
| MLV | D’Errico et al. 2010) | LPS extracts from B. cenocepacia ET-12 (LMG 16,656), B. multivorans (C1576), A. tumefaciens (TT111) and S. enterica (minnesota R595). Purchased synthesised lipids |
Extracted: R-LPS, S-LPS, Re-LPS Synthesised: DOPE |
Characterisation of liposome formation based on initial LPS molecular structure |
| Pinheiro et al. 2013) | Purchased synthesised lipids | DMPG, DPPE, DPPG | Investigate the drug-membrane interactions between Rifabutin and bacterial and human membrane models using wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering | |
| Kumagai et al. 2019) | Extracted LPS from P. aeruginosa (PA01) and purchased synthesised lipids |
Extracted: LPS Synthesised: POPE, POPG, TOCL, DOTAP |
Generate model GN and GP membranes to test the function of newly synthesised antimicrobial peptides. The antimicrobials were tested to assess the drug-membrane interactions and killing efficiency | |
| LUV and GUV | Kahveci et al. 2016) | Purchased bovine heart CL extract and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: CL Synthesised: DOPE, DOPG |
Analyse the interactions between mammalian and bacterial membrane models and conjugated fluorophores. The models were used to assess fluorophore-lipid binding affinity for the selective cell recognition |
| SUV and GUV | Malishev et al. 2018) | Purchased bovine heart CL extract and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: CL Synthesised: DOPE, DOPG |
Investigate the differences in protein-membrane interactions of amyloid protein, TasA, between mimic bacterial and eukaryotic cell membranes |
| SUV and LUV | Pérez-Peinado et al. 2018) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extract and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PE, PG, CL Synthesised: POPC, POPG |
Determine the mechanism of action of the antimicrobial peptides, crotalicidin, and its fragment, on the Om of GN bacteria. Liposome models specifically were used to analyse preferential binding and the degree of membrane disruption |
| Unspecified liposome type | Su et al. 2011) | E. coli (WBB06) LPS extract and purchased synthesised lipids |
Extracted: Re-LPS Synthesised: POPE, POPG, DEPE |
Determination of Gram selectivity among β-hairpin AMPs using LPS-based model systems |
| Hancock and Nikaido 1978) | P. aeruginosa (PAO1) LPS and lipid extracts, and S. typhimurium (LT2M1) LPS and lipid extracts | Unspecified lipid content, R-LPS, S-LPS | Develop an improved method to separate the OM and IM of P. aeruginosa. Saccharide retention between liposomes and proteoliposomes was also investigated to compare exclusion limits between P. aeruginosa and enteric bacteria, S. enterica | |
| Ruhr and Sahl 1985) | S. cohnii (22), B. subtilis (W23), M. luteus (ATCC 4698) and soybean lipid extracts | Unspecified lipid content, Soy-PC | To determine the effect of the peptide antimicrobial, nisin, on the membrane potential and transport processes of GP bacteria | |
| Dombach et al. 2020) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extract | PE, PG, CL | Investigate the mechanism of action of a small molecule found in macrophages, JD1, that declines the survival and/or growth of GN bacteria |
*See Supplementary Information (Sect. 1 and 2) for bacterial and lipid species acronym definitions, respectively