Table 3.
Summary of cited solid supported bilayer models, the lipid source, the lipid species utilised and their corresponding research outcomes
| Model type | Reference | Lipid source | Lipid species | Research outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tBLM | Andersson et al. 2018a) | Purchased synthesised lipids and E. coli (J5) LPS extracts |
Extracted: Rc-LPS Synthesised: DPhyPC, d-DPhyPC |
Generate a model membrane that mimics the OM of GN bacteria. Structural and electrical properties were investigated with respect to the influence of divalent ions and antibiotics |
| Weiss et al. 2010) |
Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extracts |
PE, PG, CL | Develop an assay to assess the activity of cytochrome bo3 in response to the substrate, ubiquinol-10, in the presence of multiple different inhibitors | |
| Nakatani et al. 2019) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extracts | PE, PG, CL | Develop a model bacterial architecture to analyse the catalytic behaviour of Type-II NADH:quinone oxidoreductase in the presence of various the substrates (quinone, quinone analogues and NADH) and inhibitors (phenothiazines) | |
| Hoiles and Krishnamurthy 2015) | Purchased synthesised lipids | POPG, Ether-DPhyPC, DPGE | Investigate pore formation dynamics and reaction-mechanism of the antimicrobial peptide, peptidyl-glycine leucine-carboxyamide, in archaebacterial model membranes | |
| Nedelkovski et al. 2013) | Purchased synthesised lipids | DPhyPC | Generate a biomimetic bacterial membrane architecture that produces enhanced infrared signals to better analyse the photoexcitation mechanism of photosynthetic reaction centres in R. sphaeroides | |
| Niu et al. 2017) | Purchased synthesised lipids and LPS extract from S. enterica (minnesota R595) |
Extracted: Lipid A Synthesised: DPhyPC, DPhyPG |
Investigate the molecular mechanism, interactions, and impact of the antimicrobial peptide, V4, on the electrical and mechanical properties of bacterial membrane models | |
| McGillivray et al. 2009) | Purchased synthesised lipids | DPhyPC | Develop a model bacterial membrane to analyse the structural and electrical properties and lipid-protein interactions of α-hemolysin channels derived from S. aureus | |
| Hsia et al. 2016) | Purchased synthesised lipids and E. coli (JC8031) lipid extracts |
Extracted: unspecified lipid content from the extracts Synthesised: DOPC, PEG5000-PE |
Develop a model membrane of the OM of GN bacteria. The formation of the membrane was characterised kinetically and acoustically to assess surface coverage, vesicle rupture and architecture mass. Properties including membrane diffusivity, mobility, viscoelasticity and lipid and protein symmetry were also investigated. Changes in membrane properties, mass and kinetics were also investigated in the presence of antibiotics | |
| Thomas et al. 1999) | Purchased synthesised lipids and E. coli (K12 D31m4) lipid A extracts |
Extracted: DPLA Synthesised: DMPC, Biotin-PE |
Investigate and identify the sequestering effectiveness and neutralisation mechanism between LPS and polymyxin B compared to polymyxin B synthetic peptide mimics | |
| Spencelayh et al. 2006) | E. coli JM1100 (pPER3) and purchased egg lipid extracts | Egg-PC, unspecified lipid content from the E. coli extracts | Generate a biomimetic bacterial membrane that facilitates the in vitro synthesis of peptidoglycan using native precursors. The binding behaviour between different antibiotics and the peptidoglycan precursors | |
| Mirandela et al. 2019) | Purchased synthesised lipids and E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extracts |
Extracted: PG, PE, CL Synthesised: POPC |
Investigate how the lipid-protein interaction between a mimetic GN lipid bilayer and an ammonium transporter protein native to E. coli affects transporter activity | |
| Maccarini et al. 2017) | Purchased synthesised lipids | DMPC, GDPE, DPEPC, DOPC, DOPE, DMPA, cholesterol | Develop a procedure to optimise the cell-free production of and incorporation of a porin from P. aeruginosa in a functional conformation | |
| Jeuken et al. 2006) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extracts | PG, PE, CL | Characterise the function and structure of redox-active enzyme, cytochrome bo3, derived from E. coli | |
| Jeuken et al. 2005) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extracts and egg lipid extracts. B. subtilis (3G18/pBSD1200) lipid extracts | PG, PE, CL, Lysine-Acyl-PG, egg-PC, unspecified lipid content from the B. subtilis extracts | Electrochemically characterise the function of redox-active membrane protein, succinate menaquinone oxidoreductase, native to B. subtilis | |
| Dupuy et al. 2018) | Purchased synthesised lipids and E. coli (O111:B4) LPS extracts |
Extracted: S-LPS Synthesised: POPE, POPG, TOCL, POPC, DOTAP, KDO2, DLPG |
Develop model GP and GN bacterial membranes to elude the biophysical interaction mechanism between the antimicrobial peptide Colistin and different lipid compositions | |
| Hughes et al. 2019) | Purchased synthesised lipids and E. coli (EH100) LPS extracts |
Extracted: Ra-LPS Synthesised: d-DPPC |
Collect biophysical information and investigate the physical properties of the OM of GN bacteria using model membranes and computational simulations | |
| Mohamed et al. 2021) | Lipid extracts from P. aeruginosa (PA14), A. baumannii (LAC-4) and E. cloacae (ATCC 13,407) and purchased synthesised lipids |
Extracted: unspecified lipid content but LPS was detected and quantified Synthesised: PEG5000-POPC, PEG5000-DHPE |
Generate OM model bilayers of three GN ESKAPE pathogens and investigate the model’s biophysical characteristics, and drug-membrane interactions with various antimicrobial compounds | |
| sBLM | Adhyapak et al. 2020) |
M. smegmatis (mc2155) lipid extracts |
PA, PE, PG and PI (including lyso forms); CL; DAG (including meromycolyl forms); SfL; DAT; GPepL; MA (including alpha and keto forms); PIM (including mono-acylated forms); TAT; MG; MPM; TDM; MB (including carboxy, cell-bound iron-loaded, monodeoxy, dideoxy and hybrid forms); MQ; PDIM; Ac2SGL; TG; DG; PCA (including hydroxy forms); CET; GPD; MCA; MPanA; MpenA; MSA; MCSA; L5P | Investigate the membrane lipid domain architecture, fluidity, packing, dynamics, synthesis regulation and lateral organisation in protein-free membrane models of mycobacteria |
| Schneck et al. 2009) | S. enterica (R60 and R595) lipid extracts | Lipid A, Ra-LPS-Ra, Re-LPS | Model the influences of different LPS mutations on the mechanical properties and intermembrane interactions in the presence and absence of divalent ions using GN bacterial OM models | |
| Lee et al. 2020) | E. coli BL21 (K-12 MG1655) total lipid extracts | PE, PG, PA | Investigate the impact of the antimicrobial peptide, maculatin 1.1, on the mechanical properties of lipid domains in bacterial membrane models simulating exponential and stationary growth phases | |
| Sharma et al. 2020) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) total lipid extracts and E. coli (O111:B4) LPS extracts and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: S-LPS, PE, CL, PG, unspecified lipid species Synthesised: POPE, ATTO488-DMPE, ATTO647N-DMPE |
Generate a model membrane that mimics the OM and IM of E. coli. Membrane lipid diffusiveness, fluidity, packing, and mobility was analysed with respect to the transport of the antimicrobial thymol | |
| Clifton et al. 2015) | Purchased E. coli (EH100) LPS extracts and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: Ra-LPS, Synthesised: DPPC, d-DPPC |
Generate an asymmetric model membrane that mimics the IM and OM of E. coli | |
| Li and Smith 2019) | Purchased synthesised lipids | POPG, DOTAP, TOCL, POPE, TopFluor-PE, TopFluor-TOCL | Develop model GP and GN asymmetric bacterial IMs. Lipid diffusion dynamics was investigated in the presence and absence of antimicrobial peptide binding | |
| Michel et al. 2017) | Purchased synthesised lipids and LPS extract from S. enterica (minnesota R595) |
Extracted: Re-LPS Synthesised: SOPE, SOPG, TOCL, d-POPG, d-POPE |
Develop and characterise a model GN asymmetrical bacterial IMs to antimicrobial plasticins | |
| Paulowski et al. 2020) | LPS extracts from P. mirabilis (R45). Purchased E. coli lipid extracts and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PE, PG, R-LPS Synthesised: CL, Rhod-DHPE, NBD-PE, FITC-PE |
Demonstrate experimental methods to model the asymmetry of GN bacteria. The model’s usability was assessed for lipid domain analysis and peptide and protein interaction by characterising lipid flip-flop and phase behaviour | |
| Dodd et al. 2008) | Purchased synthesised lipids and E. coli (BL21(DE3)) lipid extracts |
Extracted: unspecified lipid content Synthesised: Egg-PC, TRF-DHPE, NBD-PC |
Generate sBLMs that contain mixtures of native E. coli lipids with Egg-PC with the intention of generating a simple model membrane for the study of drug-membrane interactions and numerous process that occur in bacterial membranes. The structural properties of the generated sBLMs were assessed using various surface sensitive analytical techniques | |
| Clifton et al. 2013) | Lipid A and LPS extracts from E. coli strains F583, EH100 and J5. Purchased synthesised lipids |
Extracted: lipid A, Ra-LPS, Rc-LPS Synthesised: DPPC, d-DPPC |
Develop a facile two-step approach to modelling the OM of GN bacteria. Via neutron reflectometry, the lipid distribution and coverage between leaflets, and membrane stability and structure were analysed | |
| Pérez-Peinado et al. 2018) | Purchased E. coli B (ATCC 11,303) polar lipid extract and synthesised lipids |
Extracted: PE, PG, CL Synthesised: POPC, POPG |
Determine the mechanism of action of the antimicrobial peptides, crotalicidin and its fragment, on the Om of GN bacteria. sBLM models specifically were used to analyse the membrane permeabilisation mechanism | |
| sBLM and tBLM | Chilambi et al. 2018) | Purchased synthesised lipids and E. faecalis OG1RF (wild type), EFC3C and EFC3Py (resistant strains) extracts |
Extracted: unspecified lipid species from extracts, various FAs Synthesised: DPDEPC, GPDE, DOPC, POPG |
Investigate the antimicrobial mechanism of antimicrobial conjugated oligoelectrolytes through changes in the fatty acid, genetic and uptake profiles between wild type and resistant strains of E. faecalis |
| Paracini et al. 2018) | Purchased synthesised lipids and LPS extract from E. coli (EH100) |
Extracted: Ra-LPS Synthesised: d-DPPC |
Investigate how the physical structure of the lipid OM of GN bacteria influences the drug-membrane interactions of polymyxin B |
*See Supplementary Information (Sect. 1 and 2) for bacterial and lipid species acronym definitions, respectively