Fig. 1.

Current main models of HIV uncoating and fluorescent markers used to provide evidence for each model. After fusion of the engineered HIV virion, the capsid is released into the cell. From left to right: loss of capsid integrity within the cytoplasm detected by using the iGFP system, with a portion of CA remaining associated with the genomic material (Mamede et al. 2017); uncoating at the nuclear pore complex detected using an indirect label for CA (Francis et al. 2016); and uncoating within the nucleus post-nuclear import using the iGFP system (Li et al. 2021), binding of the tagged OR3 protein to sequence engineered into the viral genome (Blanco-Rodriguez et al. 2020; Müller et al. 2021) and release of GFP-tagged CA from capsids (Burdick et al. 2020)