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. 2022 Mar 1;13:754401. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.754401

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Yen, Lu, Ho, Lin, Kuo, Huang, Tsai and Lin

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Analysis of microbiota dispersion (%) among patients with T1DM. The data present microbiota changes at the phylum (A), genus (B), and species levels (C). The amount of microbiota was normalized with that observed before intervention. Statistical difference between the probiotic group and placebo is indicated by a white two-way arrow. Placebo group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment but no additional probiotic supplementation. Probiotic group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment with additional probiotic supplementation.