Figure 2.

The levels of Glucose AC (A), HbA1c (B), inflammatory cytokines (C) and anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 (D) of patients with T1DM after 6-month probiotic intervention were normalized with before-intervention levels and then compared with the placebo group. Statistical differences between probiotic and placebo groups were shown as *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. Placebo group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment but no additional probiotic supplementation. Probiotic group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment with additional probiotic supplementation.