Table 1.
Baseline demographic and laboratory characteristics of patients with T1DM.
| Parameter | Probiotics (n = 27) | Placebo (n = 29) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 14.1 ± 5.1 | 14.3 ± 4.6 | 0.824 |
| Sex (F/M) | 14/13 | 10/19 | 0.280 |
| T1DM duration (months) | 74.4 ± 53.6 | 77.9 ± 46.9 | 0.640 |
| Insulin regimen (N) | |||
| BID AC | 9 | 6 | 0.370 |
| TID AC | 2 | 1 | 0.605 |
| QID AC | 16 | 22 | 0.254 |
| Insulin dosage (U/kg/day) | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.889 |
| Glucose AC (mg/dL) | 185.4 ± 41.5 | 172.2 ± 62.6 | 0.131 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 9.3 ± 0.8 78.0 ± 8.9 |
9.5 ± 1.9 79.9 ± 21.2 |
0.883 0.928 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 52.5 ± 59.7 | 54.0 ± 56.8 | 0.812 |
| IL-8 (pg/mL) | 398.2 ± 233.4 | 477.7 ± 222.9 | 0.093 |
| IL-17 (pg/mL) | 26.8 ± 34.1 | 19.5 ± 24.5 | 0.441 |
| MIP-1β (pg/mL) | 113.9 ± 75.5 | 130.5 ± 86.9 | 0.549 |
| RANTES (pg/mL) | 447.9 ± 71.4 | 411.0 ± 69.0 | 0.068 |
| TGF-β1 (pg/mL) | 5624.2 ± 1984.6 | 6554.3 ± 1759.3 | 0.068 |
BID AC, Twice a day before meals; TID AC, Three times a day before meals; QID AC, Four times a day before meals and bedtime.
Placebo group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment but no additional probiotic supplementation.
Probiotic group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment with additional probiotic supplementation.