(a.) Inflammatory factors
	Before intervention		6-month intervention		3-month after intervention
	Probiotic group	Placebo group	Probiotic group	Placebo group	Probiotic group	Placebo group
IL-8 (pg/mL)	398.2 ± 233.4	477.7 ± 222.9	350.4 ± 225.1###	467.7 ± 225.3	359.7 ± 233.2##	468.6 ± 211.4
TGF-β1 (pg/mL)	5624.2 ± 1984.6	6554.3 ± 1759.3	8034.4 ± 2047.4###	6575.2 ± 1739.8	7854.5 ± 2030.7###	6482.8 ± 1665.6
TNF-α (pg/mL)	52.5 ± 59.7	54.0 ± 56.8	39.2 ± 47.5###	49.3 ± 57.2	45.7 ± 55.7##	54.7 ± 59.7
IL-17 (pg/mL)	26.8 ± 34.1	19.5 ± 24.5	19.7 ± 21.3##	19.1 ± 24.3	21.6 ± 22.5	18.7 ± 24.5
MIP-1β (pg/mL)	113.9 ± 75.5	130.5 ± 86.9	99.6 ± 76.2##	132.3 ± 85.4	98.1 ± 73.7##	126.8 ± 78.8
RANTES (pg/mL)	447.9 ± 71.4	411.0 ± 69.0	401.7 ± 75.2##	397.2 ± 60.5	428.0 ± 82.0	418.2 ± 54.0

Wilcoxon signed-rank test: when patients in each group were compared with their before-intervention status, statistical difference was shown as ^##P < 0.01 and ^###P < 0.001. Placebo group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment but no additional probiotic supplementation. Probiotic group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment with additional probiotic supplementation.