| (a.) Glycemic control. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before-intervention | 6-month intervention | 3-month after intervention | ||||
| Probiotic group | Placebo group | Probiotic group | Placebo group | Probiotic group | Placebo group | |
| Glucose AC (mg/dl) | 185.4 ± 41.5 | 172.2 ± 62.6 | 161.9 ± 39.0### | 171.5 ± 55.5 | 163.9 ± 39.0## | 174.1 ± 58.8 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) | 9.3 ± 0.8 78.0 ± 8.9 |
9.5 ± 1.9 79.9 ± 21.2 |
8.5 ± 0.9###
69.7 ± 10.4### |
9.5 ± 2.1 80.0 ± 22.8 |
8.9 ± 1.1##
74.1 ± 11.6## |
9.5 ± 2.2 80.6 ± 24.5 |
Wilcoxon signed-rank test: when patients in each group were compared with their own before-intervention status, statistical difference was shown as ##P < 0.01 and ###P < 0.001. Placebo group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment but no additional probiotic supplementation. Probiotic group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment with additional probiotic supplementation.