(b.) Glycemic control (normalized by individual basal level).
	6-month intervention/Before-intervention		3-month after intervention/Before-intervention
	Probiotic group	Placebo group	Probiotic group	Placebo group
Glucose AC (%)	87.5 ± 10.3***	101.5 ± 11.7	89.0 ± 14.4**	103.5 ± 18.3
HbA1c (%)	91.8 ± 5.4***	100.1 ± 7.8	96.1 ± 6.3*	100.7 ± 8.9

Mann–Whitney U test: when patients in the probiotic group were compared with those in the placebo group, statistical difference was shown as *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001. Placebo group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment but no additional probiotic supplementation. Probiotic group: T1DM patients receive regular insulin treatment with additional probiotic supplementation.