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. 2022 Mar 1;12:834072. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.834072

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Copyright © 2022 Fakhri, Moradi, Yarmohammadi, Narimani, Wallace and Bishayee

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Major dysregulated pathways in cancer chemoresistance. Atg, autophagy-related; CAT, catalase; COX-2, cyclooxygenase; ERK, extracellular-regulated kinase; GSH, glutathione; HO-1, heme oxygenase 1; ILs, interleukins; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MMP, matrix-metalloproteinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NLRP, nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing; Nrf-2, nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.