Table 2.
Anticancer terpenes/terpenoids interfering with the TLR/NF-κB/NLRP pathway and cross-linked mediators against chemoresistance.
| Compound | Types of study | Cell line(s)/tumor model(s) | Mechanisms of action | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zerumbone | In vivo | Mouse model of colorectal and lung caner | ↓NF-κB; ↑Apoptosis; ↓proliferation; ↓HO-1 | (216) |
| Andrographolide | In vitro and in vivo | Murine tumor cell (B16 melanoma); C57BL/6J mice | ↓TLR4/NF-κB signaling; ↓CXCR4; ↓Bcl-6 | (217) |
| In vitro and in vivo | RIP1-Tag2 mice models; Insulinoma cell (β-TC-6) | ↓TLR4/NF-κB signaling | (218) | |
| In vitro | Human colon cancer cell (SW620) | ↓TLR4/NF−κB/MMP−9 | (219) | |
| Carnosic acid | In vitro and in vivo | Xenograft mice model; BALB/c Akt-knockout mice; Liver cancer cell (MHCC97-H and Bel7402) | ↓NF-κB; ↓TLR4; ↑caspase-3; ↓MyD88; ↓TRAF-6; ↓IRAK-1; ↓IRAK-4 | (220) |
| Triptolide | In vitro and in vivo | FEN1 E160D mice; Prostate cancer cell (PC3) | ↓NF-κB; ↑ERK1/2; ↑p38 | (221) |
| In vitro | Breast cancer cell (MCF-7) | ↓NF-κB; ↓MMP-9; ↓AP-1 | (222) | |
| In vitro and in vivo | Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells (TA-K and 8505C); Nude mice | ↓NF-κB; ↓angiogenesis; ↓cell invasion; ↓cyclin D1; ↓VEGF | (224) | |
| In vitro | Hepatocellular carcinoma cell (MHCC-97H) | ↓NF-κB; ↓MMP-9; ↓invasion; ↓tumorigenesis | (225) | |
| In vitro | Gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) | ↓NF-κB signaling | (223) | |
| In vitro and in vivo | Gastric tumor cell (MGC-803 and HGC-27); Xenograft mice | ↓Notch1; ↓NF-κB; ↓RBPJ, ↓IKKα, IKKβ | (226) | |
| Ursolic acid | In vitro | Abelson murine leukemia macrophage (RAW 264.7) | ↓TLR4-MyD88 pathway; ↓IL-1β; ↓TNF-α; ↓IL-6 | (227) |
| In vitro and in vivo | Prostate cancer cells (DU145, LNCaP); Transgenic mouse model of prostate adenocarcinoma (TRAMP mice) | ↓NF-κB; ↓CXCR4; ↓CXCR4/CXCL-12 signaling | (228) | |
| In vitro | Colon cancer cell (SW480 and LoVo) | ↑Apoptosis; ↓MMP-9; ↓COX-2; ↓p300/NF-κB signaling | (229) | |
| In vitro | Breast cancer cell (T47D, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 | ↓NF−κB; ↓viability; ↑apoptosis; ↓cyclin−D1; ↑caspase−3 | (230) | |
| Heteronemin | In vitro | Acute myeloid leukemia cell (HL-60) | ↓NF-κB; ↓Ras; ↓MAPK; ↓AP-1; ↓c-myc | (231) |
| Soyasaponin A1, A | In vitro | Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced tumor macrophage (RAW 264.7) | ↓TLR4/MyD88 signaling | (232) |
| Oleanolic Acid | In vitro | Hepatocellular cancer cells (HepG2) | ↓NF-κB; ↓Nrf-2/ARE | (233) |
| In vitro and in-silico | Hepatocellular cancer cells (HepG2) | ↓NF-κB; ↓Nrf-2 | (234) | |
| Lycopene | In vitro | Breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231); Prostate cancer cell (PC3) | ↓NF-κB; ↓IκB kinase; ↓IKKβ kinase | (235) |
| Geraniol | In vivo | Wistar albino rats | ↓NF-κB | (236) |
| Andrographolide | In vitro | Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced tumor macrophage (RAW 264.7) | ↓NF-κB; ↓STAT3; ↓iNOS; ↓COX-2 | (237) |
| Celastrol | In vitro | Prostate carcinoma cell (PC-3) | ↓NF-κB; ↓IL-6 | (238) |
| In vitro | Breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231) | ↓NF-κB; ↓cell migration; ↓cell invasion; ↓IL-6 | (239) | |
| Actein | In vitro | Breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-453) | ↓NF-κB; ↓MEK; ↑cytoplasmic calcium | (240) |
| Diosgenin | In vitro | Laryngocarcinoma cells (HEp-2); Human melanoma cells (M4Beu) | ↑Apoptosis; ↑AIF; ↑Bax/Bcl-2 ratio; ↑ p53 | (243) |
| In vitro | Human colorectal cancer cells (HT-29, HCT-116) | ↑Apoptosis; ↑COX-2; ↑DNA fragmentation; ↑caspase-3; ↑5-lipoxygenase | (244) | |
| In vitro | Human colorectal cancer cells (HT-29) | ↑Apoptosis; ↑p38 MAPK; ↑DR5; ↓Akt | (245) |