Table 1.
Means (Standard Deviations) and Age-Group Differences in Cognitive and Socioemotional Measures
| Young | Young-old | Middle-old | F Value | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive measures | |||||
| Backward countinga,b,c | 49.17 (11.20) | 41.00 (9.96) | 32.63 (16.09) | 18.02 | <.001 |
| Backward digit span | 4.61 (1.42) | 4.41 (1.50) | 3.81 (1.64) | 2.11 | .125 |
| Category fluencya | 21.99 (5.39) | 19.56 (4.89) | 20.13 (4.72) | 3.40 | .036 |
| Delayed word list recalla,b | 5.91 (2.50) | 4.49 (2.65) | 4.25 (1.98) | 6.33 | .002 |
| Immediate word list recallb | 7.77 (2.06) | 6.87 (2.32) | 6.00 (1.55) | 6.34 | .002 |
| Number seriesa,b | 3.82 (1.18) | 2.92 (1.38) | 2.94 (1.65) | 8.41 | <.001 |
| Socioemotional measures | |||||
| Positive affectb | 2.58 (0.78) | 2.84 (0.84) | 3.19 (0.80) | 4.68 | .011 |
| Negative affecta,b | 1.51 (0.52) | 1.21 (0.28) | 1.13 (0.18) | 10.18 | <.001 |
| Trust | 2.63 (0.34) | 2.64 (0.43) | 2.55 (0.44) | 0.32 | .728 |
Notes. Of the 157 participants used in the present analyses, cognitive measures were missing for two young and two young-old users. The trust measure was missing for 10 young, 1 young-old, and 2 middle-old users. Bold indicates a significant age-group main effect at p < .05.
aSignificant difference (p < .05) between young users and young-old users.
bSignificant difference (p < .05) between young users and middle-old users.
cSignificant difference (p < .05) between young-old users and middle-old users. Bonferroni correction for pair-wise age-group comparisons.