Table 2.
Clinical mental health and trauma exposure variables of participants with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; N=22).
| Mental health and trauma exposure variables | Values | |||
| DSM-5a clinical mental health diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
|
|
PTSD | 12 (55) | ||
|
|
Depression | 13 (59) | ||
|
|
Anxiety | 14 (64) | ||
|
|
Borderline personality disorder | 3 (14) | ||
|
|
Addiction or self-harm | 3 (14) | ||
|
|
Multiple diagnoses (≥2 diagnoses) | 14 (64) | ||
|
|
Other (ie, attachment disorder) | 1 (5) | ||
| Trauma exposure (LEC-5)b, mean (SD) | ||||
|
|
Happened to me (directly) | 5.14 (1.86) | ||
|
|
Witnessed it | 2.27 (1.96) | ||
|
|
Learned about it | 3.55 (3.61) | ||
|
|
Part of job | 0.55 (2.35) | ||
|
|
Total trauma exposures | 11.50 (5.92) | ||
|
|
Time since last trauma exposure (years) | 3.50 (2.89) | ||
| Direct trauma exposure category, n (%) | ||||
|
|
Physical assault | 19 (86) | ||
|
|
Sexual assault (eg, rape or attempted rape) | 17 (77) | ||
|
|
Unwanted sexual experience (eg, groping or sexual harassment) | 17 (77) | ||
|
|
Transportation accident | 10 (46) | ||
|
|
Repeated trauma exposurec | 20 (91) | ||
|
|
Other (eg, psychological abuse) | 18 (82) | ||
| Childhood trauma exposure | ||||
|
|
Happened to me, n (%) | 19 (86) | ||
|
|
Age of first memory (years), mean (SD) | 6.66 (4.40) | ||
|
|
Duration of childhood trauma (years), mean (SD) | 9.97 (4.62) | ||
|
|
Childhood abuser, n ( %) | |||
|
|
|
Parent | 14 (74) | |
|
|
|
Family member | 4 (21) | |
|
|
|
Multiple family members | 6 (27) | |
|
|
|
Friend or acquaintance | 2 (11) | |
|
|
|
Stranger | 1 (5) | |
|
|
Type of childhood trauma, n (%) | |||
|
|
|
Physical abuse only | 9 (47) | |
|
|
|
Sexual assault | 9 (47) | |
|
|
|
Verbal emotional or psychological abuse | 16 (84) | |
| Past mental health treatment, n (%) | ||||
|
|
Pharmacotherapy | 11 (50) | ||
|
|
Talk therapy | 20 (91) | ||
|
|
EMDRd | 4 (18) | ||
|
|
Hospitalization | 3 (14) | ||
|
|
Alternative or complementary medicine | 4 (18) | ||
| Family history of mental health, n (%) | ||||
|
|
Yes | 15 (68) | ||
|
|
No | 7 (32) | ||
aDSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition.
bLEC-5: Life Events Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition.
cRepeated by the same perpetrator or abuser or repeated type of trauma exposure.
dEMDR: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.