Table 3.
Pre- (time point 1 [T1]; baseline measures) and postintervention (time point 2 [T2]) psychometric outcomes for intention-to-treat (ITT; N=22) and per-protocol (PP; N=18) analysesa.
| Psychometric measure | ITT (N=22) | PP (N=18) | ||||||||
|
|
T1, mean (SD) | T2, mean (SD) | Δ score (%) | Cohen d | T1, mean (SD) | T2, mean (SD) | Δ score (%) | Cohen d | ||
| PTSDb (CAPS-5c) | ||||||||||
|
|
Criterion B (intrusion) | 12.23 (2.86) | 7.77 (3.61)d | –36.5 | 1.37 | 12.39 (2.39) | 6.94 (3.23) | –44.0 | 1.92 | |
|
|
Criterion C (avoidance) | 5.18 (1.89) | 2.86 (2.21) | –44.8 | 1.13 | 5.06 (2.01) | 2.22 (1.83) | –56.1 | 1.48 | |
|
|
Criterion D (cognition or mood) | 17.41 (4.62) | 9.82 (6.95) | –43.6 | 1.29 | 16.50 (4.50) | 7.22 (4.39) | –56.2 | 2.09 | |
|
|
Criterion E (arousal or reactivity) | 12.27 (4.32) | 7.73 (4.63) | –37.0 | 1.01 | 12.22 (4.49) | 6.67 (4.13) | –45.4 | 1.29 | |
|
|
Total symptom severity | 47.09 (9.09) | 27 (15.22) | –42.7 | 1.60 | 46.17 (9.56) | 21.61 (10.54) | –53.2 | 2.44 | |
|
|
Total symptoms (out of 20) | 15.68 (2.10) | 9.73 (5.32) | −37.9 | 1.47 | 15.33 (2.14) | 8.11 (4.40) | –47.1 | 2.09 | |
| PTSD (PCL-5e) | 48.14 (11.94) | 28.95 (17.67) | –39.9 | 1.27 | 45.56 (11.35) | 22.11 (10.23) | –51.5 | 2.01 | ||
| Depression (BDI-2f) | 28.14 (13.70) | 16.27 (15.02) | –42.2 | 0.83 | 25.78 (13.39) | 11.28 (10.65) | –56.2 | 1.34 | ||
| Anxiety (BAIg) | 29.68 (9.54) | 19.36 (11.32) | –34.8 | 0.99 | 28.33 (8.88) | 15.72 (7.61) | –44.5 | 1.60 | ||
| Pain catastrophizing (PCSh,i) | 20.00 (13.73) | 10.85 (8.59) | –45.6 | 0.80 | 22.00 (13.59) | 11.18 (8.66) | −49.2 | 0.82 | ||
| Pain severity (BPIj)i | 4.10 (1.01) | 2.48 (1.68) | –39.5 | 1.17 | 4.10 (1.01) | 2.48 (1.68) | –39.5 | 1.17 | ||
| Pain interference (BPI)i | 3.29 (1.39) | 2.10 (1.74) | –36.2 | 0.75 | 3.29 (1.39) | 2.10 (1.74) | –36.2 | 0.75 | ||
| Five-facet mindfulness (FFMQk) | ||||||||||
|
|
FFMQ observing | 25.09 (8.31) | 27.45 (5.86) | 9.4 | —l | 24.61 (8.79) | 27.50 (5.98) | 11.7 | — | |
|
|
FFMQ describing | 25.73 (7.16) | 27.49 (6.54) | 6.8 | — | 25.75 (7.30) | 28.06 (6.45) | 9.0 | — | |
|
|
FFMQ awareness | 20.95 (6.89) | 25.18 (6.37) | 20.2 | 0.64 | 21.33 (6.86) | 26.50 (5.42) | 24.2 | 0.84 | |
|
|
FFMQ nonjudging | 20.55 (5.16) | 26.41 (6.95) | 28.5 | 0.96 | 20.33 (5.57) | 27.50 (7.16) | 35.3 | 1.12 | |
|
|
FFMQ nonreactivity | 15.87 (5.17) | 20.55 (6.05) | 29.6 | 0.83 | 16.56 (5.11) | 22.28 (4.87) | 34.5 | 1.15 | |
|
|
FFMQ total score | 108.18 (19.12) | 127.18 (23.84) | 17.6 | 0.88 | 108.61 (20.32) | 131.83 (23.20) | 21.4 | 1.06 | |
aCohen d values are reported in absolute values, and intention-to-treat using the last observation was carried forward.
bPTSD: posttraumatic stress disorder.
cCAPS-5: Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Scale.
dItalicized values indicate significant differences.
ePCL-5: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition.
fBDI-2: Beck Depression Inventory-2.
gBAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory.
hPCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale.
in=13 because of the addition of scale after 6 months from recruitment.
jBPI: Brief Pain Inventory.
kFFMQ: Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (in this subscale, higher values indicate improvement).
lNonsignificant values are not reported.