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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Retin Eye Res. 2021 Mar 26;85:100967. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100967

Figure 10. Mechanisms of immunomodulation by MSCs.

Figure 10.

MSCs exert immunosuppressive effects on autoimmune inflammation through promotion of MDSC expansion and recruitment, induction of macrophage polarization into anti-inflammatory or regulatory phenotypes, inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cells, and upregulation of Treg cells. These immunomodulatory actions of MSCs are mediated in large part by the major immunomodulatory factors that MSCs secrete in response to injury or perturbation of tissue homeostasis.