Table 1.
Drugs associated with the occurrence of scleroderma and scleroderma-like syndromes.
| Drugs | Clinical features | References |
|---|---|---|
| Chemotherapeutics | ||
| Bleomycin | Scleroderma-like skin changes, pulmonary fibrosis | Haustein and Haupt, 6 Inaoki et al. 9 |
| Docetaxel, paclitaxel | Scleroderma-like skin changes, possible visceral involvement | Itoh et al., 10 Winkelmann et al. 11 |
| Uracil-tegafur | Scleroderma-like skin changes | Kono et al. 12 |
| Gemcitabine | Scleroderma-like skin changes | Bessis et al. 13 |
| Capecitabine | Scleroderma-like skin changes, possible visceral involvement | Saif et al. 14 |
| Pemetrexed | Scleroderma-like skin changes | Ishikawa et al. 15 |
| Doxorubicine and cyclophosphamide association | Scleroderma-like skin changes | Alexandrescu et al. 16 |
| Hydroxyurea | Scleroderma-like skin changes | Garcia-Martinez et al. 17 |
| Analgesics | ||
| Pentazocine | Localized scleroderma at the injection sites | Palestine et al. 18 |
| Methysergide | Scleroderma-like skin changes | Kluger et al. 19 |
| Ketobemidone | Localized scleroderma at the injection sites | Danielsen et al. 20 |
| Psychotropics | ||
| Carbidopa and L-5-hydroxy-tryptophan | Scleroderma-like skin changes, localized scleroderma | Joly et al. 21 |
| Ethosuximide | Scleroderma-like skin changes associated with systemic lupus erythematosus | Teoh and Chan, 22 |
| Appetite suppressants | ||
| Diethylpropion hydrochloride, mazindol, phenmetrazine, dexamphetamine-metaqualone, fenproporex, fenfluramine | SSc (typical skin lesions, Raynaud’s phenomenon, ±visceral involvement, ±autoantibodies), localized scleroderma | Aeschlimann et al., 23 Tomlinson and Jayson, 24 Korkmaz et al. 25 |
| Food supplements | ||
| L-tryptophan | Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, eosinophilic fasciitis, scleroderma-like skin changes | Belongia et al., 26 Varga et al. 27 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | ||
| Bisoprolol | Localized scleroderma | De Dobbeleer et al. 28 |
| Fosinopril | SSc, eosinophilic fasciitis | Biasi et al. 29 |
| Immune system modulators | ||
| Human recombinant interleukin-2 | Scleroderma-like skin changes | Marie et al. 30 |
| Interferon alpha | SSc | Beretta et al. 31 |
| Anti-PD1 (pembrolizumab, nivolumab) | Scleroderma-like skin changes ± interstitial lung disease, worsening of pre-existing SSc | Tjarks et al., 32 Barbosa et al., 33 Terrier et al. 34 |
| Other | ||
| Vitamin K1 | Localized scleroderma | Pujol et al. 35 |
| Penicillamine | Scleroderma-like skin changes and restrictive lung defect | Miyagawa et al. 36 |
| Triamcinolone | Localized scleroderma | Rodriguez Prieto et al. 37 |
| Bromocriptine | Localized scleroderma | Leshin et al. 7 |
SSc: systemic sclerosis.