Table 1.
Demographic and behavioral characteristics of 1863 study participants, bivariate analysis odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for malaria infection against each covariate
| Cases | Controls | Unadjusted OR | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 119) | (n = 1744) | (95% CI) | |
| N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Age category | |||
| Age 15–59* | 100 (84.0) | 1386 (79.5) | 1 |
| Age 2–14 | 17 (14.3) | 271 (15.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) |
| Age 60–90 | 2 (1.7) | 87 (4.9) | 0.3 (0.1–1.3) |
| Sex | |||
| Female* | 27 (22.7) | 579 (33.2) | 1 |
| Male | 88 (73.9) | 1,100 (63.1) | 1.7 (1.1–2.7) |
| Missing | 4 (3.4) | 65 (3.7) | 1.3 (0.4–3.9) |
| Township | |||
| Ngaputaw* | 54 (45.4) | 480 (27.5) | 1 |
| Pathein | 44 (36.9) | 761 (43.6) | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) |
| Thabaung | 21 (17.6) | 503 (28.8) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) |
| Education | |||
| Illiterate/never attended school* | 5 (4.2) | 84 (4.8) | 1 |
| Able to read and write | 11 (9.2) | 352 (20.2) | 0.5 (0.2–1.5) |
| Primary school | 62 (52.1) | 781 (44.8) | 1.3 (0.5–3.4) |
| Middle school | 37 (31.1) | 376 (21.5) | 1.6 (0.6–4.3) |
| High school | 3 (2.5) | 118 (6.8) | 0.4 (0.1–1.8) |
| University student/graduate | 1 (0.8) | 20 (1.1) | 0.8 (0.1–7.6) |
| Missing | 0 | 13 (0.7) | – |
| Occupation | |||
| Other occupation* | 39 (32.8) | 858 (49.2) | 1 |
| Any logging work | 40 (33.6) | 333 (19.1) | 2.6 (1.7–4.2) |
| Any farming work | 24 (20.2) | 420 (24.1) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) |
| Any rubber plantation work | 13 (10.9) | 83 (4.7) | 3.4 (1.8–6.8) |
| Two or more of the above | 3 (2.5) | 25 (1.4) | 2.6 (0.8–9.1) |
| Missing | 0 | 25 (1.4) | – |
| Recruitment point type | |||
| Health facility* | 55 (46.2) | 684 (39.2) | 1 |
| ICMV | 64 (53.8) | 1060 (60.8) | 0.7 (0.5 – 1.1) |
| Village located in the forest | |||
| No* | 56 (47.0) | 855 (49.0) | 1 |
| Yes | 58 (48.7) | 816 (46.8) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) |
| Missing/don’t know | 5 (4.2) | 73 (4.2) | 1.0 (0.4–2.7) |
| Worksite located in the forest (outside of home village) | |||
| No* | 27 (22.7) | 811 (46.7) | 1 |
| Yes | 91 (76.5) | 894 (51.4) | 3.0 (1.9–4.7) |
| Missing | 1 (0.8) | 33 (1.9) | 0.9 (0.1–6.9) |
| Duration of forest travel | |||
| No forest travel* | 12 (11.5) | 627 (41.0) | 1 |
| Less than 3 days | 17 (16.3) | 370 (24.2) | 2.4 (1.1–5.1) |
| 3–14 days | 37 (35.5) | 231 (15.1) | 8.3 (4.2–16.3) |
| Longer than 14 days | 36 (34.6) | 210 (13.7) | 8.9 (4.5–17.5) |
| Missing | 2 (1.9) | 91 (5.9) | 1.1 (0.2–5.2) |
| Slept in the forest within the past month | |||
| No* | 25 (21.0) | 953 (54.6) | 1 |
| Yes | 90 (75.6) | 681 (39.0) | 5.0 (3.2–7.9) |
| Missing/don't know | 4 (3.4) | 110 (6.3) | 1.4 (0.5–4.0) |
| Prevention methods used at home | |||
| No preventive methods at home* | 2 (1.7) | 27 (1.5) | 1 |
| Preventive methods do not include bed nets (spatial/topical repellents, etc.) | 8 (6.7) | 127 (7.3) | 0.8 (0.2–4.2) |
| Preventive methods include bed nets | 93 (78.1) | 1434 (82.2) | 0.9 (0.2–3.7) |
| Missing/Don’t know | 16 (13.4) | 156 (8.9) | 1.3 (0.3–6.3) |
| Preventive methods used in the forest | |||
| No preventive methods in forest* | 25 (23.3) | 197 (17.6) | 1 |
| Preventive methods do not include bed nets (spatial/topical repellents, etc.) | 12 (20.2) | 132 (11.8) | 0.7 (0.3–1.5) |
| Preventive methods include bed nets | 61 (53.8) | 706 (63.2) | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) |
| Missing/don’t know | 9 (8.4) | 82 (7.3) | 0.8 (0.4–1.9) |
| Type of net used while sleeping in the forest | |||
| Conventional net* | 34 (31.7) | 301 (26.9) | 1 |
| LLIN/ITN | 28 (26.2) | 398 (35.6) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) |
| Hammock Net | 0 | 3 (0.2) | – |
| Use another form of prevention | 35 (32.7) | 295 (26.4) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) |
| Don’t know | 4 (3.7) | 11 (0.9) | 3.2 (0.9–10.6) |
| Missing | 6 (5.6) | 109 (9.7) | 0.5 (0.2–1.2) |
| Self-reported malaria infection in the past year | |||
| No one respondent knows infected* | 59 (49.6) | 1170 (67.1) | 1 |
|
Respondent infected (or respondent and someone else among contacts) |
34 (28.5) | 71 (4.1) | 9.5 (5.8–15.4) |
|
Friends, family, coworkers, other contact infected (Respondent not infected) |
17 (14.3) | 277 (15.9) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) |
| Missing/don’t know | 9 (7.6) | 226 (12.9) | 0.8 (0.3–2.9) |
CI confidence interval, ICMV integrated community malaria volunteer, LLIN Long-lasting insecticidal net, ITN Insecticide-treated net
*Baseline category
Bolded categories indicate ORs significant at p < 0.05