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. 2022 Mar 15;20:31. doi: 10.1186/s12964-021-00807-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — 4-OHE2 promotes PCSC characteristics by upregulating IL6 expression. A The mRNA (left) and protein (right) levels of IL6 in LNCaP-abl and PC3 cells treated with 4-OHE2 (t-test). B–C The mRNA (left) and protein (right) levels of IL6 in LNCaP (B) and LNCaP-abl (C) cells after the indicated treatments (one-way ANOVA). D Cell viability was assayed in LNCaP (left) and LNCaP-abl (right) cells after the indicated treatments (one-way ANOVA). E–F, (E) The cell invasion capability was assayed in PC3 cells after the indicated treatments. (F) Quantitative result of the (E) (one-way ANOVA). Scale bar = 500 μm. G A representative flow cytometric analysis of the CD44⁺/CD24⁻ subpopulation of LNCaP-abl cells treated with 4-OHE2 and/or AB-IL6. H Representative image (left) and quantification (right) of tumorsphere formation assay from LNCaP-abl cells treated with 4-OHE2 and/or AB-IL6. Scale bar = 100 μm (one-way ANOVA). Bic, bicalutamide; AB-IL6, IL6 neutralizing antibody. All values represent the means ± SD from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05 versus ctrl. #p < 0.05 versus 4-OHE2 or OE_CYP1B1